Deborah Moggach uses humour to address social issues consider how she does this, paying particular attention to her use of language Essay

n this essay I will look at how Deborah Moggach uses humour to address social issues. I will give my own opinion and I will also pay particular attention to her use of language. In this essay I will focus on ‘fool for love’ by Deborah Moggach, she addresses the social issues of older women having a relationship with younger men. In this story there is a middle age mother with two teenagers and she found a 26 year old man for a relationship through her day time job in a dispatch room. Deborah Moggach uses humour to address a social issue a number of times throughout the story. The first time we see this is when Deborah Moggach the 26 year old man ask Esther out, ‘want to help me buy a Christmas present for my mum’. This is used as a social issue as he is asking to spend time with her. However the humour comes in later when Deborah Moggach says ‘but did he just want the advice of mature woman’. This makes the audience think and brings reality into the story and reminds us of Esther’s age. We are reminded by the young man’s age later on in the story through humour when Esther is telling him about the state of her son’s bedroom until she realise he is young himself ‘you couldn’t complain about adolescents to somebody who was practically one himself’. This humour is shown as it is as if Esther is relating the young man of her dreams to her son. Deborah Moggach then uses humour when she gets into how Esther feels about how long it had been since she had fallen in ‘love again’ and ‘Since she had shaved her legs every single day’. This humour is shown to emphasis what it is like to fall in love and what ladies do on a daily bases to show that they care top their man. This is also linked to a social issue as it is the reason she is ‘shaving her legs on a daily bases’ for the social aspect of seeing the man. In the sixth paragraph of ‘fool for love’, Deborah Moggach uses humour by saying ‘she had lent him  £10-he never had any money-and he still paid her back’. This is used in a social issue as they are socialising together more carefully now as the story goes on. This is also humours’ as people can relate towards it and it shows that he cares for his feelings and cares for her. ‘Fool for love’ by Deborah Moggach is a story that people are able to relate to well. It seems to be that everyone has fallen in love and had ups and downs, whether they would die to be with them for the rest of their lives or be with them for a period of time. ‘Fool for love’ emphasises just how strong love can be and how powerful it is to some people and this is how people are able to relate towards the story. Humour for a social issues is used a lot of the time throughout the story as a mature woman with a younger man does happen it is not too common which gives Deborah Moggach the perfect chance to play with the writing and ass humour into the story. ‘Fool for love’ is all about social issues with Esther meeting a new young man at work to meeting her son from the airport. I lot of the things that Esther does is because of a social issue and how she wants to come across to people when being social able.

Life and Works of Gregory Crewdson Essay

Gregory Crewdson was born in Park Slope, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. As a teenager, he was a member of a punk rock group called â€Å"The Speedies† that hit the New York scene and sold out shows all over town. Their hit song â€Å"Let Me Take Your Foto† is a signal of what Crewdson’s true calling would be later in life. The same song was used by Hewlett Packard to advertise its digital cameras. In 1985, Crewdson studied photography at SUNY Purchase, New York. He proceeded to get his Master of Fine Arts degree from Yale University and taught at Sarah Lawrence, Cooper Union, Vassar College and Yale University where he has been on the faculty since 1993. Crewdson is represented in New York at the Luhring Augustine Gallery and in London by the White Cube Gallery. His listings of selected exhibits of his works alone cover more than two pages. Crewdson also has three photography books entitled â€Å"Hover† published in 1995; â€Å"Twilight† published in 2003; and â€Å"Gregory Crewdson† published in 2005. The last was a collection of his works from 1983 to 2005. Today, Gregory Crewdson continues to work on his craft and he continues to teach because â€Å"teaching is ideal for an artist because he gets to learn what the next generation are doing, what they’re reading, what they’re listening to, and to talk about form and composition†¦. We end up talking about everything else -galleries, the market. Everything but the art itself. † There wasn’t a lot of material on Gregory Crewdson’s transition from being a member of the band to being a serious and celebrated contemporary photographer. However, in an interview conducted by Ana Finel Honigman for Kultureflash, the photographer-artist revealed that his photographic themes and influences came from varied sources such as his father’s work as a psychoanalyst to his fascination with films especially those made by Alfred Hitchcock. He also stated that he is influenced by Orson Welles and Cronenberg. Furthermore, Crewdson revealed during the interview that he is fascinated by all films irregardless of genre, but that his fascination seems to be more with the lighting and â€Å"ambience† of the theatre as a controlled environment and outlet for the film as a work of art. Looking at his works of photography, Crewdson have the same â€Å"cinematic† feel and a pervasive feeling of gloom or foreboding. Gregory Crewdson also mentioned that â€Å"You can never get away from your self as an artist or as a person. Invariably themes and issues always resurface and make themselves evident in some form or another†. In stating this, Crewdson have confirmed some of his audiences and reviewers’ comments that his photography seems to reflect portions or aspects of his life – which he actually denied in the interview despite the statement. He insists that he feels protective about his work while still in progress often showing it to only a handful of people but once an exhibit has been decided on this body of work, then he totally disengages or makes himself â€Å"unattached† from his photography. Looking at some of Gregory Crewdson’s work, you can find series of photographs with the same theme or even title that has continuity and differences in light and perspective. Like his work entitled â€Å"Brightview†, â€Å"Long Clumps of Beetles†, â€Å"Maple St. †, â€Å"Man in Woods† and many others. His work â€Å"Brightview† has a woman whose back is turned to the audience but she seems to be holding a light towards the road. This is a two series photograph and has two light perspectives to it. The same goes for â€Å"Long Clumps of Beetles† and â€Å"Maple St. . With â€Å"Man in Woods†, I saw four photographs of the same title but again, it has the same subject but photographed in different lighting staged for the effect and perspective or angle. Gregory Crewdson has retained the â€Å"cinematic† feel of his photography from his first published work in 1995 through 2005. He makes use of elaborate and â€Å"pre-fixed† sets that reminds his audience of Hollywood type productions – only instead of film, the image and moment is captured in still photographs. In another interview with The Guardian, he said that all his photographs were shot during twilight; he revealed that â€Å"My photographs are about the moment of transition between before and after†¦ Twilight is evocative of that. There’s something magical about the condition. † The effect of his twilight shots amidst the backdrop of a set that blends in the dark hues of the night with semblances of dark purple, and dark blue, the effect is almost eerie and oftentimes, surreal. The emotion is always embedded with tension and the message one gets from looking or trying to make sense of his photographed images is one of an unfinished moment. It is the same feeling you get when you are watching a cliffhanger movie and then suddenly the movie stops a few seconds before the resolution of the conflict or tension. Gregory Crewdson’s photographed images also leaves a lot to the audience’ own personal imagination and interpretation. He iterated that he purposely leaves his images â€Å"unresolved† because these are moments that he sees and remembered from days past. These are â€Å"captured memories† that was kept hidden in his memories somewhere but that he could only remember flashes and specific instances – but not the entire picture, hence, the â€Å"unresolved† feeling of these images. The artist-photographer wants to keep it that way. In his photograph series entitled â€Å"Maple St. †, there is a car in the photograph that always seems to be in the middle of the street with a door wide open and lights are emanating from both within the cab and floodlights from the electric posts. In â€Å"Maple St. 1†, the car seems to be semi-parked in the road curving to the right. There seems to be a figure in the car and one of the doors is wide open. The tires on the back seems to be flat, and as always, darkness is creeping in and the glow of the light coming from the electric posts gives a creepy, foreboding feeling. There is a house nearby but there is no road ahead – the image looks likes a dead end street and huge trees dwarfs the car. It is actually remindful of scenes from serial killer movies when somebody is about to be killed – the â€Å"just before† moment. The tension is pervasive and the mood, â€Å"hanging†. The same tension appears in the 2nd installment of the â€Å"Maple St. series† of photographs. The angle and perspective is more from the right angle and the glow or flood of lights seems to be coming from above – like in Steven Spielberg’s movie, â€Å"The Close Encounter of the Third Kind† when the alien spacecraft was hovering about and lights flooded the side of the house. The same light effects were used and the feeling is surreal and anticipating of what is about to happen – again, the â€Å"just before† moment is captured in the image. Another photograph series that can be compared to the â€Å"Maple St. † series is that of â€Å"Man in the Woods† series. I saw series numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. The 1st photograph of the series comprise of what appears to be the middle of the forest with a round white light emanating from the upper half of the woods glowing like a bright moon and its bright rays covering the entire image through the tall tress and foliage. There is a structure on the right side of the picture that appears to be aluminum or piece of reflective metal and it reflects back light from it. A figure is perched on the third step of a ladder facing the square aluminum or piece of metal. The figure is situated at the right hand corner of the picture. There is also one tall fallen tree that cuts across the image. Meanwhile, the 2nd of the series shows a different angle of the figure – still perched in the 3rd step of the ladder, but now the perspective is from the left side or middle left of the image, the square piece of aluminum or metal is still there. What is absent here is the moon like glow from the bright light in picture #1. The fallen tree is also present and the angle of the entire image is a bit further away from picture #1. There is a fog-like atmosphere in the entire image. The 3rd installment photograph has a perspective further away from the bright lights and the whole scene. Nowhere can you see the figure anymore or the square aluminum or the ladder. Not even the broken tree is present. It appears to be taken much further away from the 1st and 2nd images but it seems to be approaching these images. The 4th image consists of a car with its headlights on (bright) and the it illuminates what lies ahead of the car – which are mostly abandoned boxes surrounding a dug portion of the earth in the middle of the woods. The wood clearing which was illuminated (somewhat) by the headlights appear to an area that has been dug – it resembles a would be grave. The car is surrounded by tall tress and the thick foliage barely permits any other light to come through. The same creepy feeling is there and sense of foreboding that something is about to happen. All four installments of the series appear to be flashes of a movie scene. One take or scene after the other in the case of scene 1 to 3. But the fourth image seems to be a totally different scenario – although still in the woods, and the same â€Å"unfinished† or unconcluded† feeling is left with the viewer. Gregory Crewdson, like the personalities that have influenced him – Steven Spielberg and Cronenberg, Alfred Hitchcock and Twilight Zone, David Lynch and his psychoanalyst-father, all have left their indelible mark in the world of art and their specific or chosen realm. Gregory Crewdson refuses to be categorized into any particular genre. Lastly, his influence can also be continuously reappear as seen in his former students who have now created their own brand of thematic photography. But his mark and specific signature of â€Å"twilight themed† photographs have already made an indelible and distinct mark in the contemporary world of photography throughout the world.

Advertising psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising psychology - Essay Example In fact, medium through which ideas are expressed is not relevant, what matters is the nature of messages communicated to customers by these companies. Self-determination of this company is manifested through their effort and culture expressed in each of their offices. This company altered its brand from Wieden & Kennedy, Inc in May 2003, which was established during its founding in 1982, in Portland, Oregon (Businessweek, 2013, 1). Nevertheless, this agency has managed to offer their marketing services through offices located in countries such as Netherlands, Britain, America, Japan, China, Brazil and India. This agency has been managed by different managing directors since its founding; for instance, Luhr was one of the managing directors who headed this agency since in 1992 after working for a period of six years and later he became a partner (Businessweek, 2013, 1). On the other hand, Wieden+Kennedy has been involved in promotions of big companies such as Nike.Therefore, this pap er analyses â€Å"Jordan BE Lifestyle Campaign† in order to discuss the topic of advertising psychology. Jordan BE Lifestyle Campaign was aimed at creating a genuine reason for Jordan Lifestyle Apparel Collection, whereby it is focused on establishing a contemporary and culturally relevant gyrate on the legacy and life of Michael Jordan (Effie Awards, 2007, 2).... yle attire category; in fact, this campaign focuses on generation of additional media impression and talk value among the principal consumers in the fashion industry (Effie Awards, 2007, 2). The campaign was also focused on generating thirty percent sale of Jordan Brand Collection attire through a credible establishment of a brand as lifestyle alternatives for customers. 2. Psychological Theory Various distinctive theories of advertising have been discerned by numerous scholars since 1900s (Loken, 2006, 454). In fact, researchers had a conviction that understanding of psychological theories in marketing would derive a significant way of conducting a systematic analysis of trade instead of relying on chances or instinct. Especially, in the America, advertising has become a serious industry; for instance, in 2007, there was one hundred and forty nine billion spent on advertisements by different companies (Effie Awards, 2007, 1). Nevertheless, study in the field of advertising theories commenced in 1903, whereby a research was conducted in psychological laboratory of Northwestern University (Loken, 2006, 460). Nevertheless, some of psychological approaches that could be applied in advertising are indentified and they have increasingly developed significantly (Lau-Gesk, 2003, 301). Therefore, this section will seek to analyze some of the psychological theories applied in â€Å"Jordan BE Lifestyle Campaign† by Wieden+Kennedy, Inc. In fact, these theories are focused on applying elements such as strategic communication and psychological alternation in potential of various customers (Cox & Cox, 2001, 103). 3. Cognitive psychology theories Cognitive psychology theories applicable to this advertisement focused on the form of self-referencing that could be utilized by the

What was the most important invention of the 19th Century Essay

What was the most important invention of the 19th Century - Essay Example It then follows that the invention of electricity actually came into being the day the bulb was lit, or in other words the day mainstream use of electricity took effect .For this reason, invention of electricity can be argued to have been in the 19th century. This argument can be squarely credited to Nikola Telsa, a mechanical and electrical engineer and inventor. His works led to the development of modern day electrical systems that use alternating current1. Basically the reason why electricity invention becomes the greatest in the 19th century is because of the rapid activities that came into light during this era. Such activities include the agrarian revolution that saw people go to great lengths in such of better welfare and improved transport system. It is almost impossible to imagine this era without electricity, to imagine people trying to run engines in the industry without electricity, or it can be impossible to imagine how we could be staying at our homes using our kerosene lanterns and may be candles and that is very hard very hard to imagine2. During industrial revolution when people across Europe were trying to get industries going, electricity was the all the more important. Heavy machines meant electricity was in place and for this reason industrial revolution was a success. Since then, the world has never looked back and electrically supported gadgets have been invented. In essence, almost in everything we do, electricity is part of us. Even small gadgets we use today like phones use electricity and that explain the impact electricity has had all over the world. It also explains why it is the greatest invention of all time if not the greatest invention of the 19th century3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very important to note that the transport industry has been revolutionized by electricity. Electric trains have been introduced courtesy of electricity. This milestone has been achieved in many developed count ries and general infrastructure improved. Communication can be described as the backbone of development and without electricity, breakdown in communication could be evident. Industrial revolution is still evident, sophisticated equipment is being used vastly there and electricity is the source of power. It is therefore safe to say electricity is pivotal in almost every aspect of life without which almost nothing is going to happen. Both communication and transport have been improved and in the process making the world â€Å"smaller†. One could say life could have been a bit4. Agriculture and animal husbandry can also be argued to have been improved by electricity. For one, mechanization meant invention of such electric tools as grinders and reapers. Other machines in the field of agriculture were invented and definitely ones which used electricity. On the other hand, animal husbandry was also improved. For example, milking machines were introduced in ranches where large scale production of milk was the main economic activity. Building technology has also been revolutionized by electricity to a larger extend. This is evident in urban facilities like elevators that have shaped the existence of skyscrapers and other monumental structures in the urban areas. Just like during the industrial revolution, steel industry continues to be a major consumer of electricity in the sense that, during assembling of automobiles high voltage current is required to melt and twist the metals. In that connection, electricity seems to be the only

A Problem in the Field of Finance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Problem in the Field of Finance - Article Example chases an appropriately customized supporting contract from a backer with an underlying result halfway related with the vulnerability in the item showcase. Therefore, ProQuest demonstrates the agreement impact by detailing the transaction transforming both gatherings in the schema of a Stackelberg diversion and value harmony. For each one diversion theoretic setting, we determine the balance result and present the similar statics. We additionally research the case in which the backer lays off her hazard from one agreement by composing an alternate contract with a second firm, and contrast contract execution and a benchmark case in which two organizations exchange specifically as opposed to through the guarantor. However some state that a comparative marvel might be found in an alternate business sector for private safe holdings, the ABCP market. This wonder does not exist, on the other hand, in business sectors for dangerous obligation, for example, the corporate security market. (Xi e, 2013) ProQuest contemplates an inventory network in which a retailer confronts an excellent newsvendor issue with a monetary demand on his ability to request stock. To offer more items, the maker groups up with a bank to offer a premium free credit program. As indicated by late industry reports give or take 80 percent of retailers and suppliers accept that coordinated effort has developed in the previous three years. Regardless of this development, notwithstanding, the practice is not far reaching, and the profits attained are frequently incremental as opposed to transformational practices. Thus, it’s still not unexpected to discover double stock property inside the same system, underused truck armadas, overabundances of quick moving stock mulling in retailer warehouses, and low on-rack accessibility of a few items in particular or say, special things. ProQuest details the association between the retailer and the producer as a Stackelberg amusement in which the maker has the

Public Health protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public Health protection - Essay Example Although bacteriology was apparently vital for the re-conceptualisation of infections, this process was in progress, and some studies show that there were no important purposes of the new knowledge of communicable diseases in the practice of public health (Lewis & MacPherson 2007). In Australia, when diphtheria was interpreted in bacteriological terms, an array of frequently conflicting public health practices and policies were sought in rapid progression. These succeeding public health processes consequently formed the partial bacteriological interpretation of diphtheria and of the control measures for contagious diseases (Lawson & Bauman 2001). From the beginning of ‘immunisation’ and notification obligations in the late nineteenth century, public health policy changed quite rapidly to mass swabbing movements in the early twentieth century, wherein ‘carriers’ were the major, nearly special, regard (Lawson & Bauman 2001). Detection of the failure of these movements since 1922 became the foundation of an executive plan towards mass immunisation, but its slow operation implied that immunisation only slowly replaced cleansing habits and carrier control as the primary preventive strategy. Each of these policies were products of bacteriol ogical understanding and methods, but embodied immeasurably various practices and ideas of prevention (Lewis & MacPherson 2007). Management of diphtheria fulfilled a vital function in the advancement of public health policies and institutions in Australia. Historians have diversely examined plague, typhoid, tuberculosis, smallpox, and scarlet fever as infections of political and cultural significance in the moulding of public health in British colonies and in Australia in the nineteenth century (Lewis 2003a). Nonetheless, the childhood infection of diphtheria has been deficient of the attention that practitioners think it deserves. Demonstrated statistically, politically and

Analyze and review general building design and construction methods Research Paper

Analyze and review general building design and construction methods and explain the types of collapses that may occur. Explain h - Research Paper Example Which review the issues and causes associated to it and then suggest a change in the building design or a recommendation in alteration is building codes. The organization of this paper is done very similar to the steps taken in the production and improvement process of building codes and reviews of field problem, the paper will focus on the following steps, 1. Causes of collapses of buildings 2. General building design and Construction types 3. Progressive Collapse Analysis and Fire-Induced Progressive Collapse 4. Impact and modification of Fire-Induced collapse on Building Codes Causes of collapses of buildings In order to diagnose a problem and its solution we first need to understand that from where the problem starts and initiates and what its causes are. There is a wide range of causes which lead to the collapse of the buildings which include bad design in which the engineers and designer are responsible for erroneous theories, improper choice of materials or misunderstanding of their properties and etc. Then comes the faulty construction as the major cause of collapse, it may occur by weak supervision and corruption of by the contractor, use of inferior quality of steel and other material. Then another cause of failure of the structure is Foundation Failure in which there is liquefaction of soil or excessive settlement which was not forecasted in geotechnical investigation made before construction of the facility. Then unexpected failure modes is also one of the emerging reason of failures of structures, this is due to the fact that we are having a new type of structural system every day, which might be architecturally sound but it is very unstable as a structure and the lack of systems to analyze these systems are not yet developed, so there might be a failure by an unknown reason. Lastly but most important cause of failure is the Extraordinary or accidental Loadings, this has caused more catastrophes more than any other. These loading include the wind l oads, exceptional earthquakes and impact of fire on structures. The codes have been really successful in developing standards and design procedures to cater to the problem such as earth quakes and hurricanes and broad research has been done in these areas, but lesser emphasis were been made on fire loading or fire induced collapse while the formulation of revised codes until the 9/11 event which caused a complete collapse of World Trade centre. Partly the reason for this was that the rare occurrence of fire in structures, even lesser forensic analysis of building and only a very few incidents were reported and recorded. The second major reason for this was that there were only a very few complete collapse of the structures due to fire. The Historical Survey of Multi-Story Building Collapses Due to Fire made by Hughes Associates, Inc , came to a conclusion that (Beitel, 2005) *1,only a data of 22 buildings(appendix 1) which had fire was available, and out of those only 6 buildings wa s higher than 21 stories. The World Trade Center case study made a clear to the world and especially the designer and engineers that fire poses more danger to multistory building and its inhabitants. Due to these facts there is a major change seen in the fire protection of buildings now and NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) has come up with new standards and codes for a better. General Building Design & Construction Types According to National Fire Prot

Racial Disparities in Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Racial Disparities in Capital Punishment - Essay Example The study also established that the number of blacks on death row was higher compared to white defendants who had committed similar offenses. Scott (2008, pp 2-6), conducted another study on race and capital punishment in Harris County in the state of Texas, which hold the infamous reputation of being the capital of execution in the United States. The study was in agreement with the Philadelphia findings by establishing that the racial orientation of both the victim and defendant played a crucial factor in a meeting of capital punishments. In the study, Scott (2008, p5) found that the likelihood of imposing a death penalty on black defendant was higher than on white defendant. In addition, a death sentence was more likely to be imposed in cases where a white person was the victim than when the victim was black. Another important finding on race and capital punishments showed that District Attorneys were more racially prejudiced than the jury was (Baldus, et al. 1998, pp1680-89). These studies demonstrate that no matter the objection of legal technocrats, racial disparities exist in a determination of capital punishments in the United States. ` These findings bring to attention the ability of a judicial system to rise above the historical racial prejudices that purported superiority of white people over their black counterparts in the United States. In addition, they have also raised the question of whether the life of a certain race is more valuable than of another. Law courts in different states in the country have been consistently denying that the obvious racial disparities are not sufficient to prove racial biases in each particular case (David, & George 2003). This denial is of particular concern given that many states and federal governments in the US have passed legislation of addressing racial discrimination in employment and other areas such as housing.

Bad Sugar Essay Example for Free

Bad Sugar Essay Unnatural Causes In this video Bad Sugar the Pima and Tohono Oodham Indians of southern Arizona have the highest diabetes rate in the world. This affects more then half the adults in this Indian group, but a century ago diabetes wasnt even heard of. What has happened to the health of the Pima Indians? During the 20th century the river water was used by white settlers and Pimas local Indians went into poverty and became dependent on the U. S. government. This resulted in the Indians eating tepary beans, cholla buds and wild life these everyday ood items changed to white flour, lard, processed cheese and canned foods. Needless to say this had a big impact on the Pima Indians. This exclusive documentary shows crucial evidence on how we pour more money into drugs, fad diets, medical technologies, but is it deeper then that? Evidence shows therere more to bad habits and unlucky genes. If we can find a solution to poverty we can solve many of the problems that individuals deal with on a day-to-day bases. As a future educator I will teach them strategies and help improve their daily exercise. Teaching hem strategies will help them to become independent with their exercise as well as quality nutrition and realize how truly Important It Is, which should lower the diabetic rate. Goals: 1 . Promote healthy lifestyles to prevent risk factors for pre-dlabetes, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 2. Improve the detection, control and treatment of risk factors and pre-diabetes for the prevention of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 3. Improve the detection, control and treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease to prevent complications and disabilities and reduce the severity and progression of disease

Oman requires Westerners Essay Example for Free

Oman requires Westerners Essay Carrying out business in Oman requires Westerners to rethink their standard working practices. Simply dispatching the companies most highly qualified and intelligent staff without giving any thought to the wider implications of the character of the individuals is likely to cause the companies presence to fail. Patience and resilience are probably the first two qualities needed alongside professional competence by those being considered for employment in Oman. A willingness to change and adopt a more relaxed approach to local ways and methods is important as Omanis can be almost impossibly frustrating in business negotiations, in timekeeping or when bargaining on price. There are many never dos which may seem trivial but whose result is likely to be out of all proportion. Never lie (or be caught lying) to make a point. This will result in immediate distrust of you and the company. Never patronise or talk down and never show impatience or worse, anger during negotiations. These points will guarantee that you will go no further in that project. But furthermore, as the Omani social network extends in wide and diverse areas, you may find that you are unable to do business anywhere else as well! Equally, you may unknowingly be capitalising on that as well with your good trading practices being passed on. The matter of face and saving face has a great deal of importance when dealing with Omanis. Westerners should be particularly cautious when dealing with a situation which might suggest a fault or limitation, especially if the matter is brought into the public arena such as at an office meeting. Quick offence can be taken and will almost certainly lead to immediate dismissal often from the country on that day! The threat of instant removal from the country should not be discounted as a hyped-up story. It is very real and can be invoked by Omani nationals and lead to you being flown out of the country on the morning or afternoon, that is within a few hours, of the transgression. Lack of time keeping is a major cause of frustration for Westerners. Yet Omanis will always say that they are always available and access to them is simple. Westerners have no concept of the absolute duty that Arabs have towards family situations, which is far greater than those expected in Western societies. A phone call from a brother wanting to see them will take an overriding priority on the day. Unfortunately, a call to reschedule a meeting is unlikely to occur, they will just not appear. The Arab culture is so much different to Western priorities that they just simply cannot comprehend the Western fascination with the minor matter of Time. Patience and plenty of it is an absolute requirement. Another source of irritation is the time it takes to get-to-the-point at meetings, even more so if the point is likely to be contentious or controversial. Arabs will way up the mood and feelings of the decision-makers at the meeting and only bring up unpopular items if the mood is right. They see no point in advertising and bringing up these matters if the influential person or persons are not going to be receptive. Therefore, you may have to await several meetings before an item is discussed. Arabs hate to be the bearer of bad news such as saying no. They will hesitate or defer continually, keeping your hopes alive, when they have no intention of agreeing.

Organisational Change and Transformation

Organisational Change and Transformation INTRODUCTION Organisational change practice and research aims at the improvement and development of organisations for the purpose of enhancing effectiveness and responsiveness to external changes through better people management, competence, communications, systems and structures. It is not a discipline that has more practical relevance in one sector than in another: the methods and approaches of the discipline are being applied in business and government alike. Because of increasingly dynamic environments, organizations are continually confronted with the need to implement changes in strategy, structure, process, and culture. Many factors contribute to the effectiveness with which such organizational changes are implemented. Whether the change processes are essentially unplanned and discontinuous, planned and strategic, or incremental or revolutionary, they have profound implications for people management and development. Change of any sort evokes the need for innovation, creativity, learning and culture change, all of which lie legitimately within the sphere of interest of personnel and development. Professionals working in personnel and development can be central actors in the management of change in such matters as people resourcing, learning and development, reward structures and the development of new sorts of employee relations all in a strategic context. Personnel and development professionals at a senior level need to demonstrate the contribution they can make in helping people in the organisation to: †¢ Recognise and interpret the relationship between organisational vision, capability and the internal and external environments †¢ Mobilise processes that enable change processes at the appropriate level for the requirements of the organisation. There are seven aspects of change readiness according to researches, which include perception toward change efforts, vision for change, mutual trust and respect, change initiatives, management support, acceptance, and how the organization manage the change process. At its core, change readiness involves a transformation of individual cognitions across a set of employees (Amenakis, et al., 1993). It is the people who are the real source of, and the vehicle for, change because they are the ones who will either embrace or resist change (Smith, 2005) Therefore, it is vital to assess individuals readiness perception prior to any change attempt. ORGANISATIONAL BACKGROUND AND PERCIEVED NEED FOR CHANGE: For this Analysis we have learnt and understood a Chemical Company named Omega Chemical Company. Omega Chemical Company Inc. is a Canadian-based company specialized in the manufacturing of chiral compounds such as: Chiral amino alcohols, Protected chiral amino alcohols (BOC and FMOC), Chiral protected amino aldehydes, Beta-amino acids, Amino acids analogues, Building block and more Need for Change: Over the past decade, the chemical industry has been increasingly commoditized. Cost pressures have been abundant and the ability to succeed has become dependent upon highly efficient internal processes and better customer service. To better compete in this environment, one Omega chemical determined they needed to re-engineer their global ordering processes and the systems that support them. Their aim was to create the perfect order process The perfect order process would yield the following benefits: Increase customer loyalty by creating easy, flexible and reliable interactions with the company. Provide the competitive edge of a Six Sigma capable order management process. Eliminate the cost of rework. Maximize employee productivity and satisfaction by providing the right data and the right tools. The technology was available. The perfect order would assure that it is integrated to work more smoothly. This process had many components to it: An integrated desktop that would provide customers with the information they need in the shortest possible time. Technical service representatives armed with knowledge of many topics and access to many types of information everything from product specifications to product data sheets and regulatory information. Easy access to all the information sales representatives need to more quickly address customer goals and needs. A cross-business view of an account, to help them leverage relationships. A portal to the many people who contribute to serving the account, such as marketing, customer service representatives, to allow them to more easily share information. Customer service representatives empowered with all the information they need about a customer or an account from one starting point. Data from SAP, Siebel or other sources would be only a click away. In addition to speeding service to customers, the processes and systems would improve personal productivity of employees as a result of reduced systems look-up, seamless movement across multiple business systems and a consistent interface across multiple communication channels. Integrating customer segmentation and customer service rules facilitates on-the-spot decisions by front-line employees. Training time could also be reduced as a result of an intuitive customer interface and simplified screen navigation. Thus Organisational change was inevitable. Key components for organizational change for Omega Chemicals: Communication channel control intelligently routes and manages inbound/outbound voice, fax and e-mail communications Fast access to enterprise applications such as SAP, Siebel, Rail Fleet Management System Access to Intranet/Internet and other internal databases Customer Account and Contact Profiles in Siebel Activity assignment with sales, technical support and Customer Information Group Customer surveys Reporting DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS: Brief Assessment: Establishing a Sense of Urgency Examining market and competitive realities Identifying and discussing crises, potential crises, or major opportunities Forming a Powerful Guiding Coalition Assembling a group with enough power to lead the change effort Encouraging the group to work together as a team Creating a Vision Creating a vision to help direct the change effort Developing strategies for achieving that vision Communicating the Vision Using every vehicle possible to communicate the new vision and strategies Teaching new behaviors by the example of the guiding coalition Empowering Others to Act on the Vision Getting rid of obstacles to change Changing systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision Encouraging risk taking and nontraditional ideas, activities and actions Planning for and Creating Short-Term Wins Planning for visible performance improvements Creating those improvements Recognizing and rewarding employees involved in the improvements Consolidating Improvements and Producing Still More Change Using increased credibility to change systems, structures, and policies that dont fit the vision Hiring, promoting, and development employees who can implement the vision Reinvigorating the process with new projects, themes, and change agents Institutionalizing New Approaches Articulating the connections between the new behaviors and corporate success Developing the means to ensure leadership development and succession Our analysis finds out that there are specifically the seven aspects of an organization readiness for change. Organisation Change Process should analyse all these aspects strategically: 1. PERCEPTION TOWARD CHANGE EFFORTS Employees perception toward change efforts that take place within the company Omega is an important aspect of change readiness. Moreover, employees perceptions of the organizations readiness for change have been identified as one important factor in understanding sources of resistance to large-scale change (Eby, et al., 2000). These perceptions can facilitate or undermine the effectiveness of a change intervention (Armenakis, et al., 1993; Lewin, 1951). Employees as the target of change are central to the success of the change efforts because their attitudes, skills, motivations and basic knowledge form a significant component of the organizational environment in which change is to be attempted (Smith, 2005). Perception influences employees attitudes and behavior intention in facing the impending change. Past experiences, on the other hand, influence perception process in interpreting information that pass through individual cognitive process. Employees perceptions toward the success of previous change efforts also influence change readiness. Information related to change will be associated with the individuals past experiences by giving particular attribute toward the initiated change. Individuals have preconceived notions about the extent to which the organization is ready for change. These perceptions are likely to evolve over time as individuals develop a history within the organization (Eby, et al., 2000). McDonald and Siegal (1993), Iacovini (1993), and McManus, et al. (1995) suggested that employees attitudes toward a pending change can impact morale, productivity and turnover intentions (Eby, et al., 2000). Moreover, employees perception toward companys flexibility in facing change is also crucial. Employees perceptions of the organizations ability to accommodate changing situations by altering policies and procedures was strongly related to perceived readiness for change (Eby, et al., 2000). Employees perceptions of the degree to which their organization has the flexibility to achieve change, and the extent to which they can actively and genuinely participate in the process, are important factors in achieving successful change (Smith, 2005). Thus first step that Omega Chemicals need to take is to analyse and let their employees know the need for the organizational change to the company and their betterment by the organizational change strategies. Management need to let them know that overall benefit of this change management or organizational change will lead to organizational betterment and in turn their growth and betterment. Here Omega Chemicals needs to be very careful as it has been observed in past that employees believe that if there are organizational changes these would not benefit them, else these would be designed to get more work from them or to reduce their numbers in terms of employees size and strength. Thus Management need to draft these strategy very tactically that they can influence the employees and there betterment with these changes. 2. VISION FOR CHANGE A vision states and clarifies the direction in which an organization needs to move. Without a sensible vision, a transformation effort can easily dissolve into a list of confusion and incompatible project and can take the organization in the wrong direction or nowhere at all (Kotter, 1995). Therefore, employees understanding and comprehension toward companys vision and changes vision is very vital. Kotter (1995) also suggested the importance of creating a vision of what the change is about, tell people why the change is needed and how it will be achieved (Smith, 2005). Martin (1993) as well as Terry (2001) pointed out that a vision is an important part of a change process but leaders of organizations need to be aware that a vision should only give a direction to employees (Stadtlander, 2006). People within an organization have to have the same aspiration toward the imminent change. Strebel (1996) noticed that many change efforts fail because executives and employees see change differently. For example, for many leaders, change means opportunity both for the business and for themselves. But for many employees, change is seen as disruptive and intrusive (Stadtlander, 2006). Through active, ongoing and meaningful involvement in the change process people can be helped to see the connections between their personal work and attitudes and overall organizational performance and employees can be encouraged to embrace personal responsibility for achieving change (Smith, 2005). Personal valence, which clarifies the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of the changes, can help develop momentum for change. Specifically, when employees see how the change will benefit them, they will begin to seek out ways to improve the transition (Bernerth, 2004). However Management Team must have answers for the query or questions raised by the employees. Therefore they should analyse under mentioned points with respect to Omega Chemicals: Operational indicators Practitioners must be able to: 1 Identify the influence of the political, social and economic environment on the organisation and change as a reactive or proactive response. 2 Undertake diagnosis of the influence of such events and processes as mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances, downsizing, delayering. Knowledge indicators Practitioners must be able to understand, explain and critically evaluate: 1 The implications of globalisation, mergers, take-overs, acquisitions and strategic alliances in the development of organisations as dynamics in the change and transformation processes. Indicative content 1 The emergence of the virtual and network organisation. 2 The influence of concepts such as best value and changing stakeholder requirements. 3 The identification of triggers for change within the organisation. 4 The relationship between change and innovation in organisations. Change Process and Their Implications: Operational indicators Practitioners must be able to: 1 Identify the relevance of the major models of planned change and the different levels of risk they carry, and relate them to different organisational situations. 2 Help to build those processes, routines and systems that ensure transfer of information and understanding from individuals and small groups to the organisation as a whole, to influence strategic decisions and produce the foundations for new capabilities. 3 Judge what will and will not work in the change management context and ensure that the personnel and development role in the change management process is clearly adding value by helping to drive organisational improvements. 4 Make informed choices between large- and small-scale approaches to change management. 5 Assess the level of change required at different epochs in the organisations life cycle; issues of style and speed of change. 6 Analyse the elements for successful change at each stage of the process. Knowledge indicators Practitioners must be able to understand, explain and critically evaluate: 1 Different levels and types of the strategic change process: †¢ from ‘light touch to radical, transactional to transformational, continuous to discontinuous †¢ and the ways each level and type of change is likely to have different effects on people and organisational performance. 2 The ways organisation members understand, identify and use different triggers of change and transformation, both internal and external. 3 Processes for the evaluation of success, failure and risk in the change process, recognising the implications of success or failure for future change processes in the organisation. 4 Strategies and techniques for the successful implementation of the change management effort project management, participation and process management. Indicative content 1 The dynamics of change and: †¢ the strengths and limitations of Lewins fundamental change model †¢ the assumptions that underlie different approaches to change. 2 The strengths and weaknesses of the planned change approach. 3 The distinctions between emergent, planned and discontinuous approaches to change. 4 The role of the senior management group and the chief executive officer in the change process. 5 The scope of managerial decision-making in relation to change, transition and transformation. 6 Issues of ‘top down and ‘bottom-up change and reconciling them both. 7 Risk assessment/management in change and transformation situations. 8 Processes that mature, successful organisations can use most effectively in the change processes. 9 The critical significance of diagnosis to identify the need for, and the processes of, change, transition and transformation. 3. MUTUAL TRUST AND RESPECT Individual and organizational readiness and capacity for change needs to be based on a sound foundation of mutual trust and respect. It is important that a sufficient amount of trust is established to allow staff members to openly express dissenting views and compromise democratically. According to Cummings and Huse (1989), for change efforts to be successful, employees must trust not only the management, but also their co-workers (Eby, et al., 2000). Mutual respect and trust are the important foundations for an effective work team. Sundstrom, et al. (1990) revealed that organizations are increasingly implementing work teams for many different reasons; to better meet customer needs, to increase innovation, and to improve organizational productivity (Eby, et Al., 2000). He, and also Goodman, et al. (1988) found evidence that work teams can enhance a variety of important organizational outcomes under appropriate conditions. While Goodman, etal. (1988), as well as Cohen and Bailey (1997) found outcomes associated with the use of work teams include more favorable employee attitudes and other quality of work life indicators, as well as enhanced productivity and overall organizational effectiveness (Eby, et al., 2000). 4. CHANGE INITIATIVE Organizations are continually confronted with the need to implement changes in strategy, structure, process, and culture (Armenakis, et al., 1993). This is because the world has grown increasingly complex, resulting from the greater interdependence among world economies. At the same time, the world has become increasingly dynamic, resulting from the information explosion and worldwide communications (Zeffane, 1996). Without undertaking change, organization will lose its ability to compete. Without introducing adequate change in a timely and ethical manner, organizations will face difficult times and significantly reduce their chances of long-term survival (Christian and Stadtlander, 2006). Most successful change effort begin when some individuals or some groups start to look at the companys competitive situation, market position, technological trends, and financial performance. They then try to communicate their findings, especially those that are related to crisis, potential crisis, or great opportunity that may arise This first step is essential because just getting a transformational started requires the cooperation of many individuals (Kotter, 1995). All members of the organization should have the privilege to propose or initiate necessary change. But at the end it is the organizations leader who has to decide or initiate the necessary changes. Organization leaders become leaders because of their planning skills and their abilities to envisage and communicate a better future (Zeffane, 1996). However, people in the organization must be given the opportunity to be involved in all aspects of the change project and they must be given the opportunity to provide feedback (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). It is people who make up organizations and it is they who are the real source of, and vehicle for, change. They are the ones who will either embrace or resist change. Actually, people do not resist change per se, rather they resist the uncertainties and the potential outcomes that change can cause (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). If Organizational change is to take hold and succeed then organizations and the people who work in them must be readied for such transformation (Smith, 2005). 5. MANAGEMENT SUPPORT Management support for change efforts is an essential factor in creating change readiness. Armenakis, et al. (1993) revealed that the degree to which organizational policies and practices are supportive of change may also be important in understanding how an employee perceives the organizations readiness for change (Eby, et al., 2000). This, according to Beckhardt and Harris (1987), and also Schneider, et al. (1992), in Eby et al. (2000), may include flexible policies and procedures, and logistics and systems support (for example, quality equipment, monetary resources). In addition, Armenakis, et al. (1993), as well as McManus, et al. (1995) also found that the level of trust in management may foster perceptions that the organization can withstand rapid organizational change (Eby et al., 2000). Supports for change should be reflected in an effective change leadership. An effective leadership involves monitoring change, making the necessary mid-course corrections, and knowing when to initiate a new vision. Leading and managing strategic change requires that leaders have the capacity to learn from and adapt to change. In that process, organization learning is fostered in an environment of openness and mutual trust that allows people to embrace change and experiment without feeling threatened (Zeffane, 1996). One form of management support toward organizations change effort can be reflected by forming a special team. The team is responsible to conduct analysis toward influencing internal and external conditions, plan change process in more detail, identify possible risks and anticipated actions, and to control implementation including progress evaluation and conduct adjustment toward real situation. Management support can also be reflected from how change is accommodated by management through realignment of performance evaluation and employee compensation with change initiative program. Change demands sacrifice from employee. During change process, employee will feel uncomfortable with the new surrounding. Thus, sacrifice, participation and commitment from members of organizations have to be rewarded through performance evaluation and compensation. Management action toward any obstacle in dealing with change process reflects the extent of management support. Confidence that management has taken optimal steps to face any obstacle reflects the change readiness level. 6. ACCEPTANCE Change should be able to improve the organizations overall performance. However, for many employees, change can create feelings of uneasiness and tension, and as the change begins to take shape, organizational members may feel a sense of uncertainty and confusion (Bernerth, 2004). Because organizational change typically impacts how work is accomplished, an employees reaction to the specific type of pending change may also be important (Eby, et al., 2000). Employees are willing to accept change if they are convinced that the change is beneficial for them. However, many employees do not realize the benefit and advantage of change. They are only concern about the immediate result. On the other hand, the benefit of most change can be enjoyed over a period of time. Developing understanding of the nature of and reasons for change in the early stages can provide a sound base for subsequent changes and a greater willingness to take risks and extend beyond current boundaries (Smith, 2005). A well planned change would not be accomplished without the support of capable and committed change agent. Beckard and Harris (1987) argued that reshaping capabilities involves the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the organization as a whole to carry out the necessary requirements for successful change implementation (Jones, et al., 2005). Turner and Crawford (1998) discussed organizational capabilities needed for change. They proposed a taxonomy consisting of engagement, development, and performance management capabilities. Engagement is based on informing and involving organizational members in an attempt to encourage a sense of motivation and commitment to the goals and objectives of the organization. Development involves developing all resources and systems needed to achieve the organizations future directions. Proactively managing the factors that drive the organizations performance to ensure it consistently and effectively achieves the intended change is the capability Turne r and Crawford label performance management (Jones, et al., 2005). Changes always involve risks. Change involves moving from a known state to an unknown one, of ending the way things are done and doing things in new ways, of letting go. Thus, to reduce this risk, change readiness is mandatory. A failure to assess organizational and individual change readiness may result in managers spending significant time and energy dealing with resistance to change. An investment in developing change readiness can achieve a double benefit. Positive energy goes into creating preparedness for the changes and, in turn, there can be a significant reduction in the need for management of resistance once organizational revival is underway (Smith, 2005). 7. MANAGING CHANGE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS Following are the few vital steps which Omega Chemicals need to take for Organisational Change: Step 1 Getting organised Have a strong policy Make senior-level managers accountable Have a clear change-management procedure Communicate and include everyone Review and challenge The organisation should have a clear policy for management of organisational change. This should set out principles, commitments and accountabilities in relation to impact on health, safety and the environment. Ideally the policy should commit to proportionate consideration of all organizational changes, large and small; as even those not at first connected to safety need to be given consideration to confirm whether or not they may have indirect impacts on safety. Commitment and resources Although the motivation for the change may be commercial, and not obviously connected with safety, major accident prevention must be regarded as core business, not a side issue. Senior management need to demonstrate a clear commitment to safety by their actions, from the outset. There should be a distinct safety focus within overall change processes, with positive objectives. Make a senior, highly influential manager the sponsor or champion for this. They should ensure the safety aspects of the change receive an appropriate level of resource and attention. The effort and resource put in must be proportionate to: the complexity of the change; the scale of the hazards concerned; and the degree to which the change may impact on the management of major hazards. This can be by categorising of changes, with greater importance and a higher level of management approval for more safety-significant categories. Clear systems Organisational change should be planned in a thorough, systematic, and realistic way. You should follow a documented and structured procedure for each element of organisational change management. This is similar to the processes for managing plant change. The following should be clear: _ Identify the processes or activities that are to be carried out (to ensure that risks arising from the change are identified, assessed and reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable). _ Set out the protocols to be followed. _ Who is accountable and who is responsible for these activities? Getting organised checklist Dont make too many simultaneous changes, resulting in inadequate attention to some or all. Dont delay or defer safety issues c

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth: Blood Macbeth: Blood I am going to prove that in the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often(and with different meanings), and that it is a symbol that is develope 2. Lady Macbeth: A Wife In Support Of Her Husband Lady Macbeth: A Wife in Support of Her Husband One of the main characters in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, has been an object of intense criticism. Although sometimes regarded 3. Macbeth: Macbeth's Decent Into Hell Macbeth: Macbeth's Decent Into Hell Macbeth is a play by William Shakespeare. Macbeth is a man who commits a series of crimes because of persuation from his wife that will 4. Macbeth: A Mature Man Of Established Character Macbeth: A Mature Man of Established Character Macbeth is presented as a mature man of definitely established character, successful in certain fields of activity and en 5. Macbeth: Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth: Aristotelian Tragedy Kim Blair Per.5 Interpretive Test The definition of tragedy in an excerpt from Aristotle's "Poetics" is the re-creation, complete withi 6. Macbeth: Ambition Is Root Of All Evil Macbeth: Ambition is Root of All Evil It is said that ambition is the key to success. In the case of Shakespeare's Macbeth, it is the key to his downfall. He is presented w 7. Macbeth: Appearance Vs Reality Macbeth: Appearance vs Reality Brooke Soper The way people act on the outside and who they really are on the inside may be two totally different things. Some may change 8. Macbeth: A Tale Of Two Theories Macbeth: A Tale of Two Theories Macbeth(c.1607), written by William Shakespeare, is the tragic tale of Macbeth, a virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed. This tragedy co 9. Macbeth: Banquo's Soliloquy Macbeth: Banquo's Soliloquy John Spitzer In Macbeth, a play by William Shakespeare, Banquo's soliloquy at the beginning of the third act explains some of his present feelin 10. Captain's Letter Regarding Macbeth Captain's Letter Regarding Macbeth Dear Family: I beg forgiveness for the prolonged period of silence previous to this letter.

The Knight and the Cart Essay -- essays research papers

The Knight of the Cart By the end of eleventh century, Western Europe had experienced a powerful cultural revival. The flourish of New towns provided a place for exchange of commerce and flow of knowledge and ideas. Universities, which replaced monasteries as centers of learning, poured urbanized knowledge into society. New technological advances and economics transformations provided the means for building magnificent architectures. These developments were representative of the mental and behavioral transformations that the medieval world underwent and the new relationships that were brought about between men, women and society in the twelfth century. As in technology, science, and scholasticism, Literature was also reborn with a new theme.3 Very different from traditional writings of the past was the new flourish of troubadour poetry. Troubadour poetry, derived of courtly romances, focused on the idea of unrequited love. â€Å"A young man of the knightly class loved a lady†, most often, â€Å"the lady was married to the young man’s lord†. The courtly lover would compose highly lyrical and erotic poems in honor of his lady, and the troubadour was filled with rapture even at the slightest kindness that the lady might offer him.3 This new literary artifice provides us clues to the cultural changes that took place in medieval Europe during this time. Of the many writers of courtly romance, the most distinguished literature can be found in the work of Chretien de Troyes. Troyes was a native of Eastern Champagne and most of his career was spent the court of Marie de Champagne. He was the inventor of Arthurian literature and the first to speak of Camelot, and write adventures of the Grail. He may even have been the first to sing the tragic love of Tristan and Isolde. One of Chretein de Troyes’ works, Chevalier de la Charette (The Knight of the Cart) expresses the doctrines of courtly love in its most developed form. The plot of this story is believed to have been given to him by Marie of Champagne and has been called â€Å"the perfect romance† for its portrayal of Queen Guinevere’s affair with Lancelot of the Lake.1 The elements of courtly love operate at several levels simultaneously in The Knight of the Cart; they are expressed by the behaviors of Lancelot, Queen Guinevere, Meleagant and other characters in the story. Two vividly deployed elements are the concepts of loyalt... ...e’s heavenly elevation. In addition, Lancelot literally sacrifices himself for her, when he finds out mistakenly that she has died, he tries to kill him self. Guinevere is portrayed as a divinely creature. Only she had the power to save Lancelot and soothe his agony and pain. Lancelot reaffirming her alleviating power, begs Guinevere to allow him to go to her: â€Å"If you grant me permission, my way is clear. But if my scheme does not suit you, then the way is so difficult for me that my entry is impossible." Once she permits him to enter "†¦Lancelot had every wish †¦.as he held [Guinevere] in his arms†¦ greatest joy and pleasure,† confirming that his salvation was in her hands.2 When all the courtly love elements that flow through The Knight of the Cart are composed, in addition to a tale of love affair between Queen Guinevere and Lancelot of the Lake, a document revealing the enchanting history of the Twelfth Century Renaissance is created. Troyes, our powerful storyteller, was able to do this by taking us on a journey with Lancelot, not only though his exciting battles to Guinevere but, through his passionate and enamored thoughts and behaviors that yearns for his beloved.

Assignment-I International Business

ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL SUBJECT- GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT NO. -1 DATE: 02/03/11 SUBMITTED TO: Prof. M V NARASIMHAN SUBMITTED BY: Akshay Shah Answer: 1 IMPACT OF POLITICAL TURMOIL IN EGYPT ON GLOBAL BUSINESS: Political turbulence in Egypt in casting a poll on world financial markets driving up the prices of crude oil & food and creating new risks for the shaky world economy in the months ahead. Following are the impacts of political turmoil in Egypt on global business: †¢Oil prices reached last week their highest 110 dollar per barrel of raw oil since 2008 & investors sold off both stocks and bonds of many developing nations, particularly in the middle east. †¢ The turbulence on financial markets shows how political upheaval in one place- first Tunisia, now Egypt- can set off hard to predict reverberations around the world, possibly undermining the global economic recovery. †¢ Investors are most concerned that other Muslim nations, particu larly those of autocratic leadership & vast oil reserves, will soon see their ruling regimes threatened as well. International organizations also trying to monitor more urgent concerns, what’s going on in Egypt has again reminded world that the world economy is not out of the woods & that things we do not anticipate can have a significant negative effect on global markets & risk sentiment. †¢ Because of political & business instability in Egypt- lead with the problems with foreign receipts & currency. †¢ Economist & Investors all around the world have fear that political developments could disrupt oil exports from Saudi Arabia or other oil reserved nations. †¢The greatest threat for global economy- absent a spread of popular revolt to other nations in the middle east or beyond – is the disruption of shopping through the Suez Canal. †¢ In forthcoming days, it will be challenge for government to keep the political stability in Egypt, for smooth busine ss functioning throughout the world & controlling oil prices which are on their peak. Answer 2: IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ECONOMY: In a legal sense, term property refers to a resource over which an individual or business holds a legal title; that is a resource that it owns.Resource include land, building, equipment, capital, minerals rights, business and intellectual property. Property Rights refer to the bundle of legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resource. Property Rights are important in the global business economy because:†¢ The philosophy behind protecting property rights in the global business economy, as it is reward to the originator of a new invention, books, musical record, clothes design, restaurant chain and the like; for his or her idea & effort.Such property rights are very important stimulus to innovation and creative work. They provide An incentive for peo ple to search for novel ways of doing things and they reward creativity. e. g. – Consider an innovation in automobile industry; say a use of non conventional fuel to be used in all kinds of vehicles with maximum efficiency and low cost of fuel. This gives automobile firms an incentive to undertake the expensive, difficult and time consuming basic research required to generate new fuel. (It can cost $800 million in R & D and take 10 years to set a new fuel in the market) Also economic evidences suggests that high levels of corruption i. e. theft of property rights significantly reduce the foreign direct investment, level of international trade, & economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits corrupts politicians & bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment and hence reduce the incentive of both domestic and foreign businesses to invest in that country. Because of all the above reasons explained it is important to protect property rights to benefit inno vator, consumers and to promote healthy competition.The protection of intellectual property rights differ greatly from country to country. While Many countries have straight intellectual property regulations on their books. Now, 188 countries are members of the â€Å"World Intellectual Property Organization†, all of whom have signed international treaties designed to protect intellectual property. Answer: 3 CULTURE AT WORK PLACE BY GEERT HOEFSTEDE: Of considerable importance for an international business with operations in different countries is a how a society’s culture affects the values found in the workplace.Probably the most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by ‘Geert Hoefstede’. As a part of his ob as a psychologist working for IBM, Hoefstede collected data on employee attitudes and values for more than 1,00,000 individuals from 1967 to 1973. This data enabled him to compare dimensions of culture across 40 countries Hoefstede isolated into 4 dimensions:†¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Power Distance’ dimension focussed on how a society deals with the fact That people are unequal in physical & intellectual capabilities.According to Hoefstede, high power distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power & wealth. †¢ The ‘Individualism versus Collectivism’ dimension focussed on the relationship between The individual and his or her fellows. Individualistic societies, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly valued. In societies where collectivism was emphasized; the ties between individuals were tight. †¢Hoefstede’s ‘Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension’ measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations & forecasting uncertainty. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures plac ed a premium on job security, career patterns, retirement benefits and so on. Lower uncertainty avoidance cultures were characterized by a greater readiness to take risks & less emotional resistance to change. †¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Masculinity versus Feminity’ dimensions looked at the relationship between gender & work roles.In masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated and traditional â€Å"Masculine Values†, such as achievement & effective exercise of power, determined culture ideals. In Feminine cultures sex roles are sharply distinguished, the little differentiation was made between men & women in the same job. Hoefstede created on index score for each of these 4 dimensions that ranged from 0 to 100 And scored high individualism, high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, & high Masculinity. He averaged the score for all employees from a given country: . g. : Power distance 1) Britain 2) Canada 3) US 4) India 5) Indonesia 6) Mexico 35 39 40 77 78 81 Uncertainty 35 48 46 40 48 82 Individualism Masculinity 89 80 91 48 14 30 From the above table it shows, western nations such as US, Canada, Britain scores High on the individualism scale & low on the power distance scale. At the other extreme are a group of Latin America (Mexico) and Asia (India, Indonesia) that emphasize collectivism over individualism and score high on their power distance scale. 66 52 62 56 46 69

The Policies of Harry S. Truman

Many presidents have faced domestic and international problems, but it is a challenge not to know about them until you become the president of the United States, that is what happened to the 33rd President of the United States Harry S. Truman At the time of Roosevelt’s death, Truman was Vice-President for only 82 days and he faced more challenges in domestic and foreign affairs than any other U. S. president did at the time, yet he manages to steer this country in the right direction. Truman knew nothing about the Manhattan Project, and the atomic bomb. When Truman took the reins unexpectedly, (April 12, 1945) he was forced to deal with keeping a nation together and winning the greatest war history had ever seen. The first issue of foreign policy that Truman confronted was the decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan. No decision of his presidency has drawn so much criticism as the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August). The question is whether he could have done anything else—that is, whether he could have delayed use of the bombs by opting for a demonstration of their immense power or refused to employ what General Dwight D. Eisenhower described many years after its employment as an inhuman weapon. The Charter of the United Nations was signed in June 26, 1945 in San Francisco by Truman and ratified by the Senate in October 24, 1945. Originally ratified by 51 countries, currently 192 countries have ratified the charter. The Charter of the United Nations is by far the largest peace keeping Organization treaty it ever existed to date. Truman as a vision of a wilsonian he is, he wouldn’t let Wilson’s idea revived into the Truman straightforward he is to let this idea die again. The Proclamation 2695 (July 4, 1946) served as the culmination of American colonialism in the Philippines and proclaimed the absolute independence of the Filipino people as the United States withdraws and surrendered all rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty. It was supposed that the United States relinquished control over the islands in 1944 but with the war on the Pacific the United States Senate decided to delay by two years. Now from this point forward the Unites States recognized the new independent state of the Philippines and the Unites States relinquish any control over the new created state. The nations of Europe were ravaged after WWII. Poor countries were susceptible to Communism. Truman’s announce Congress the change in policy by the means of the Truman Doctrine (12 March 1947), which promised United States support to countries threatened by Communism. It stated that totalitarian governments undermined the foundations of international peace, and thus were a threat to the United States. It was used in Greece and Turkey after the communists tried to take over, and a revolution erupted, the United States supplied the anti-Communist forces with money and arms. This policy was the adoption of containment as official U. S. policy. The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (or commonly known as the Rio Treaty), was signed in Sept. 2, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro (hence the name Rio Treaty) and ratified by the United States Senate in 1947. Originally ratified by all 22 American republics which are Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Under the treaty, an armed attack or threat of aggression against a signatory nation, whether by a member nation or by some other power, will be considered an attack against all. This treaty puts a defensive alliance of the Western Hemisphere nations, and this agreement was a move toward a multilateral approach to the Monroe Doctrine and the most important inter-American agreement to this day. This treaty also puts the groundwork for the formation the Organization of American States (OAS) a few years later in Colombia. The Marshall Plan (June 5, 1947), Truman proposed the Marshall Plan to sponsor reconstruction in Europe. The Marshall Plan passed in 1947, right after the Czechoslovakian Communist revolution. Congress appropriated $5. 8 billion for the first fifteenth months, and contemplated further spending. The Marshall Plan included most of the nations of Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (Switzerland signed the convention creating an organization for the plan, but refused to accept funds. ) Congress included (National) China in Marshall Plan appropriations. The National Security Act (July 26, 1947) mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U. S. Government. The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useful when formulating and implementing foreign policy, including the National Security Council (NSC). The Council itself included the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, and other members (such as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency), who met at the White House to discuss both long-term problems and more immediate national security crises. Truman never went and didn’t take importance in these meetings until the Korea War in 1950 when Truman took the seriousness of the conflict and began to form part of these meetings. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (October 30, 1947) set the basic rules under which open a nondiscriminatory free trade policy in which it can take place. This treaty meant to reduce trade barriers among the 23 countries signatory nations. The GATT sought to create an institutional framework within which international trade could be conducted as stable and predictable as possible. The Charter of the Organization of American States (April 30, 1948) was signed by 21 nations (this are the same nations that signed the Rio treaty except for the Bahamas delegation) of the western hemisphere at the conclusion of the ninth Pan-American Conference in Bogota, Colombia which reconstituted the Pan-American Union to the Organization of American States in which they reaffirmed its commitment as when they signed the Rio treaty â€Å"to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence. The Truman administration hoped that the Organization would eventually assume the mounting responsibilities for solving hemispheric problems, but the U. S. would always play the dominant role. The provisional government of the state of Israel proclaims the new state of Israel (May 14, 1948). On that same date the United States, president Truman acknowledges and recognized the provisional Jewish government as de facto authority of the new Jewish state (de jure recognition was extended on January 31). The U. S. delegates to the U. N. and top ranking State Department officials were angered that Truman released his recognition statement to the press without notifying them first. The Berlin Airlift (June 27, 1948-May 12, 1949) was the greatest humanitarian and aviation event in history. Since the Allies had never negotiated a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors deep within the Soviet-occupied zone. The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, proposed sending a large armored column driving peacefully, as a moral right, down the autobahn across the Soviet zone to West Berlin, with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. Truman, however, following the consensus in Washington, believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war. He approved a plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift, a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as coal, using military airplanes on a massive scale. Nothing remotely like it had ever been attempted before, and no other nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to have accomplished it. The airlift worked; ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. The airlift continued for several months after that. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes as president; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. The Genocide Treaty it was signed December 12, 1948 it went in force in 1951 but the U. S. ratification came November 23, 1988. Although it took four decades to ratify the treaty, this international agreement made genocide an international crime during both war and peace. The North Atlantic Treaty (4 April 1949), which assured military assistance, resolved the economic and political near-chaos of Europe after World War II. These measures would, he believed, preserve democracy in Western Europe and thereby help preserve the freedom of the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) comprised the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Britain, Canada, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, West Germany in 1955, and Spain in 1982. The situation in the Pacific was not much better than that in Europe. In the Potsdam Conference in Germany and in the Cairo Conference, it was agreed that Korea would become a free and independent nation once the war is over. However, after V-J Day, the Soviet government was quick to establish a Communist regime. The United States under the Truman administration helped Korea setup a democratic government on the Southern Part of the peninsula. North Koreans crossed the border in full force (June 25, 1950). The UN, presented with its first real conflict, acted quickly, partly because the Soviet representative had walked out a few days earlier in protest of Communist China's lack of representation (it was represented by Nationalist China). War was declared on the aggressors by the United Nations. Although all nations contributed, it was mostly the United States fighting the war. The war lasted for about three years until an armistice was signed splitting Korea again along the 38th parallel. Macarthur stated to President Truman that the Chinese wouldn’t enter the war and this conflict would be over by Christmas. That was the most erroneous statement that Gen. Macarthur said to president Truman because since Gen. Macarthur was anxious to wrap up the war he ordered American and other U. N. troops to press on to the Yalu River and since the communist Chinese didn’t want that buffer zone gone they enter in force. In doing this, he ignored the warnings of the Communist Chinese as well as a directive by military planners in Washington to send only South Korean troops into the provinces bordering China. Macarthur never thought that the Communist Chinese were going to invade North Korea, but since it happen he wanted authorization for a full scale invasion of China and bring the Chinese Nationalist to fight in Korea and in weak positions of Communist mainland China, but since Truman didn’t wanted WWIII it refused Macarthur plan. Macarthur frustrated started to say its plans publicly without Washington’s authorization and for insubordination; Truman fired Macarthur on the grounds that Macarthur wasn’t the Commander in Chief. Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House (November 1, 1950). This put and important question mark the relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico and since Truman understood that, he allowed a plebiscite in Puerto Rico to determine its future relationship with the United States. As for the Torresola, he was shot a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt, before expiring himself and Collazo as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into homicide was guilty of murder and sentence to death in 1952, but Truman changed it to life in prison. This attack could well be implemented since the gunfight was over a dozen feet of his bed and since he was curious went to the window to see until a passerby shout to Truman to take cover. The Tripartite Security Treaty (Anzus Treaty) was signed September 1. 951 and came in force April 29, 1952. This Treaty, signed a few years after WWII, it was designed to send a signal to Communist China and the Soviet Union that Western-oriented countries were determined to stop new aggressive moves in the Pacific. The U. S. -Japanese Security Treaty (San Francisco Treaty) was signed September 8, 1951 by 49 nations and came in force April 28, 1952 in which the United States agreed to assume primary responsibility for the conventional defens e of a disarmed Japan and an exclusive role in providing nuclear deterrence. Japan would have renounce the ability to declare war and its military would be for peacekeeping forces and ensured the formal return of independence at the expense of large military presence in the country and also ensured that any attack against Japan, the United States makes responsible of any protection and retaliation in the name of the Japanese Diet. The Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act) (June 27, 1952) upheld the national origins quota system established by the Immigration Act of 1924, reinforcing this controversial system of immigrant selection. It also ended Asian exclusion from immigrating to the United States and introduced a system of preferences based on skill sets and family reunification. Plus this Act expanded the United States definition to Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands in addition to Puerto Rico and U. S. Virgin Islands which is used currently. At the basis of the Act was the continuation and codification of the National Origins Quota System. It revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality's population in the United States in 1920. As a result, 85 percent of the 154,277 visas available annually were allotted to individuals of northern and western European lineage. The Act continued the practice of not including countries in the Western Hemisphere in the quota system, though it did introduce new length of residency requirements to qualify for quota-free entry. There were other positive changes to the implementation of immigration policy in the 1952 Act. One was the creation of a system of preferences which served to help American consuls abroad prioritize visa applicants in countries with heavily oversubscribed quotas. Under the preference system, individuals with special skills or families already resident in the United States received precedence, a policy still in use today. Moreover, the Act gave non-quota status to alien husbands of American citizens (wives had been entering outside of the quota system for several years by 1952) and created a labor certification system, designed to prevent new immigrants from becoming unwanted competition for American laborers. Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because he regarded the bill as â€Å"un-American† and discriminatory. Truman’s veto was overridden by a vote of 278 to113 in the House, and 57 to 26 in the Senate. Parts of the McCarran-Walter Act remain in place today, but much of it was overturned by the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965. These reversals in foreign policy, from isolation to world power, established Truman's reputation as one of the nation's greatest presidents. Which helped placed an economic foundation to struggling nations of Western Europe and Northeast Asia. Truman's domestic policies as president took far less of his time, and proved far less successful, than his foreign policies. Here also he dealt with three major issues: The administration of the modern American presidency, a legislative program known as the Fair Deal, and Republican accusations of internal subversion and corruption. He managed well with two of these domestic matters. The Executive Order 9599 (August 18, 1945) Provides assistance to expand production and continued stabilization of the national economy during the transition from war to peace, and for the orderly modification of wartime controls over prices, wages, materials, and facilities. The Executive Order 9635 (September 29, 1945) Organizes the Navy Department, defines what is the Naval Establishment as well it defines the duties of the Chief Naval Operations and declare that the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard are part of the Naval Establishment. The Executive Order 9646 (October 25, 1945) Rearranges the Coat of Arms, Seal and Flag of the President of The United States to accommodate the newest incorporated states into the Union. The War Brides Act (December 28, 1945) relaxes the immigration regulations to allow foreign born spouses and children of U. S. military personnel to settle in the United States. The Employment Act (Murray Act) (February 20, 1946) stimulates the economy following WWII, creating agencies in Congress and in the executive branch to focus on the problems of the depression and inflation. The Executive Order 9728 (May 21, 1946) Truman seized most of the nation's bituminous coal mines so that the secretary of the interior could negotiate a contract with mineworkers. As authority, EO 9728 had cited, among other things, the War Labor Disputes Act. The Hobbs Acts (Anti-Racketeering Act) (July 3, 1946). This made it unlawful to interfere with interstate commerce by robbery or extortion and reined labor unions ability to enforce the interests of their constituents within the boundaries of the law. The Federal Tort Claims Act (August 2, 1946) enabled private citizens to sue the government when a federal employee harms a third party or private property by committing an international tort or by negligence. The Supreme Court later barred military personnel from suing the federal government for injuries suffered while performing their jobs. The Taft-Hartley Act (June 23, 1947), was designed to amend much of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (the Wagner Act) and discontinued parts of the Federal Anti-Injunction Act of 1932. It limit the power of unions from contributing to political campaigns, It forbids jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts, It permits union shops only after a majority of the employees vote for them, It declares all closed shops illegal and the president is allow to appoint a board of inquiry to investigate unions when he believes a strike would endanger the health and safety, and obtain an 80-day injunction to stop the strike. Even president Truman was against this and vetoes it but it was overridden. The Presidential Succession Act (July 18, 1947) corrected the weaknesses in the line of presidential succession as outlined in the original Constitution. The Water Pollution Control Act (June 30, 1948) extended the reach of the federal government by establishing cooperative arrangements with states for grants, research, and technical assistance. This Act addressed the nation’s water-quality problems by attempting to establish a cooperative relationship between the federal and state governments. This legislative piece since it was far ahead of its time, he decided to turn this legislation into an Executive Order at the same time running the risk of being overturn by another Executive Order but it worked, it is Executive Order 9981 (July 26, 1948) that provided integration of the armed forces and establishes equal treatment and opportunity in the armed services. The Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act (April19, 1950) attempted to improve conditions in one of the most impoverished areas of the United States; this Act funded the construction of roads, schools, and other developments on the Navajo and Hopi reservations. The Internal Security Act (McCarran Act) (September 23, 1950) established the Subversive Activities Control Board, aimed at stopping communist subversion in the United States, calling for the registration of all known communist organizations and individuals in the United States. The Celler-Kefauver Act (December, 29 1950) prohibited certain types of mergers between firms in the same industry, the Celler-Kefauver Act led companies to form conglomerates made up of companies in unrelated industries. The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 amended the Clayton Act by closing a loophole that allowed companies to avoid antitrust suits by acquiring assets (rather than stock) of another company. The Twenty-Second Amendment was ratified February 27, 1951 and it was certified in record breaking time of March 1, 1951. Shortly after Franklin Roosevelt’s unprecedented fourth term as president, the twenty-second Amendment was adopted to established presidential limits to two (2) terms. The Executive Order 10340 (April 8 1952) Truman directed Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize the mills to ensure their production to support the war efforts just hours before a scheduled strike. Since the Taft-Hartley Act passed in Congress the Supreme Court goes in emergency session in the case of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Secretary of Commerce) in a 6 to 3 decision on Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer declared the seizure unconstitutional. The Court held that Truman could have used the Taft-Hartley Act to delay the strike, but Truman disliked the law too much to use it. In Supreme Court appointments, Truman wasn’t cautious choosing the Supreme Court Justices because significantly all four were friends of the dear president and all four were more political background rather than judicial. Justice Harold Burton in 1945, Chief Justice Fred Vinson in 1946, and Justices Sherman Minton and Tom Clark in 1949 – generally shared his views regarding the judiciary. Burton and Minton had served with Truman in the Senate; Vinson and Clark had served in Truman's Cabinet (the former as Treasury Secretary and the latter as Attorney General). Vinson, Truman's choice as Chief Justice, was a favorite poker-playing companion of the President, who hoped that his friend's political skills would help restore harmony to what had become an increasingly contentious and divided Court. But the Vinson Court continued to be plagued by internal conflicts. Justice Hugo Black's commitment to judicial activism in defense of civil liberties and the Bill of Rights clashed with Justice Felix Frankfurter's belief in judicial restraint and deference to legislative authority. Philosophical differences were aggravated by personal animosities on the Court, most notably between Black and Justice Robert H. Jackson. Much to a surprise the American people thought that president Truman was an outsider and it was, he knew nothing about the atomic bomb (was investigating large expenditures in Oak Valley, Tennessee but didn’t knew for what purpose it was) and he ordered the release of the weapons in Japan, send troops to the Korea conflict although it resulted in a stalemate. Recognized two countries (Pakistan and Israel) and helped another country to became independent (Philippines), Signed the UN charter, authorized the Berlin Airlift, it’s a founding of the OAS, authorized a plebiscite to the people of Puerto Rico to determined the future of relations with the U. S. saved Greece and Turkey from Communist rule. Although he could do better in domestic policy, but from being only 82 days as Vice-president knowing nothing about policy and saving the world from catastrophe, that is an exceptional President if you ask me, he is truly the Prince of Foreign Policy. Works Cited S. Avi-Yonah, Reuven. U. S Laws, Acts, and Treaties. Library Edition. Vol. 2. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 2003. Print. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Proclamation 2695-Independence of the Philippines. 4 July 1946. 10 April 2009. . United States. Department of State. Kennan and Containment, 1947. September 1997. 9 April 2009. . United States. Department of State. National Security Act of 1947. September 1997. 8 April 2009. < http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603. htm>. United States. Department of State. Background Notes: United Nations. September 1997. 4 April 2009. < http://www. state. gov/www/background_notes/united_nations_0997_bgn. html>. United States. Department of State. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act). September 1997. 9 April 2009. < http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/87719. htm>. United States. The White House, Executive Office of the President. National Security Council History. 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. < http://www. whitehouse. ov/administration/eop/nsc/history/>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9599, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. < http://www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=368&st=&st1>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9635, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. < http://www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=350&st=9635&st1>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9646, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9728, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1946). 2 April 2009. 9April 2009. < http://www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=459&st=9728&st1>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No . 9981, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1948). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No . 10340, 3 C. F. R. 3(1952). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The University of Texas Digital Library Services Division. The Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. 1 April 2009. 7 April 2009.