Multiculturalism And Non Verbal Communication Cultural Studies Essay

Multiculturalism And Non Verbal Communication Cultural Studies Essay Every part of world follows different culture in all aspects such as business, education, food habits, etc. The world is full of confrontations between people who think, feel differently. Culture is not inherited it is learned. Intercultural studies teach us the cultural difference between people, so this is essentially needed for us to reach out globally, especially in business and workplace. To understand cultural phenomenon it is essential to use cultural paradigms .Cultural differences are unpredictable and confusing this leads to frustration for people who works in different culture head or global business customs. Migration from one culture to another culture is a big culture break which Is very difficult to cope up with it, for example, a manager from Sweden moves to Indonesia to manage an Indonesian company will be a big problem for both because Sweden is task-oriented work culture, but Indonesia is hierarchy-oriented work culture. Migrating from collectivism to individualist ic or vice-versa also have serious impact and face problems. Learning other culture means one should not change their character and mimic local culture, that would create even worse problems, so be yourself and respect local rituals, habits and tradition and act accordingly. Cultural dimensions are really important to know before making any joint ventures or partnership with other culture following people, because something which is good and correct in ones culture will be bad or wrong in another culture. For example, an American company joint venture with Japanese ,the meeting was held in Japan where American representatives his speech in a loud and expressive manner, this made Japanese tensed because speaking loudly and in expressive manner they consider as angry so this clearly shows cultural dimensions are really important and essential in intercultural studies and to understand cultural phenomenon. The culture is the way of living, human behavior is changes and it is depending upon culture. Human behavior differs from different culture, there are various risks of using culture as an example for human behavior in some culture using left hand for handshake or giving any documents is totally bad, but in some culture they prefer left hand when these two culture meet together there developed a negative impression on the human behavior and the culture. Trust between two cultural people gets lost which led to breakdown in business. In some culture women talking to others men expect their relation or friend is a crime especially in Muslim counties, on the flip side many culture men and women are considered towards equal and no restrictions for women. In country like India eating with the left hand is considered as a bad habit, but most westerners are left handed prefer eating in left hand. But these type of behavior is depends upon their culture one should not blame or comment on it. S o people going to global market should aware of all these cultural behavior and understand their culture to have a healthy business relationship. 2. COMMUNICATING NONVERBALLY Nonverbal communication is also called as body language that we communicate without using words at all. People of the other culture will misunderstand our body language just as they may misinterpret the words they speak or write. Fortunately however, we can learn highlights of another cultures nonverbal language much quicker than verbal language (Richard R Gesteland: 2002). Understanding nonverbal communication is very important if we if there is a different cultural meetings because body language of one culture is different and have different meaning in another culture, it may even create an negative impact on people. Nonverbal communication plays a great role in field of business even today. Cultures are varied like very expressive, partially expressive and reserved cultures each have different body language. There are four facets of body language which is very important in cross culture negotiations such as spatial behavior, touch behavior, eye contact and gestures. These play a k ey role in negotiating globally. These nonverbal communications is not only important in business field but also between nations, persons, etc. For example, Former Pakistan president Parvesh Musharaf visited India for a peace talk when there was a handshake with Indian president it was very light handshake, finally the peace talk was failed. This clearly shows how the body language plays an important role globally. The study shows that in business field worlds plays only 7% remaining 93% depends on the body language. Even one is very efficient in speaking can grab the audience attention, not having a good body language message is send to audience before the word goes. Personality development trainings or some business training always give main importance to the body language in first place. Lets see some of the examples of nonverbal communication which is misinterpreted from the other culture. Example 1- Once American business man visited Italy for a business meeting, they were travelling in a car heading to Milan from Florence. Italian colleague drove the car at 145km/hr, when the Italian started discussing about important negotiations, instead of looking the road he started to look American face and his reactions. This made American really scared and he started driving from the half the way. In expressive culture like Italy will like to read your eyes and face when they talk, direct eye contact is critical in their culture .On the other side intense eye contact means in many part of Asia such as Japan, Singapore, etc they think you are to intimidate them or stare them down. Eye contact is the prime factors in business dealings. Example 2- Raising eyebrows many international negotiators will encounter raised eyebrow in many parts of the world. Raising eyebrows is different meaning in different part of the world for North American raising eyebrow means interested, in Germany it means clever,for Filipinos it is a way of saying hello for Chinese it means disagreement .If a Filipino goes to china on a business trip and raised their eyebrow for saying hello, There will be a misinterpretation by Chinese which can cause problems in the talk. Example 3- Index finger pointing In east and south East Asia it is considered as rude to point anyone with forefinger instead can use whole hand flat with palm down. In country like India pointing index finger is considered as an insult, this not the case in American and European countries. When doing business with Asians this is the one of the important body language to be considered. Example 4 -Raising thumb is considered as a universal sign of saying great, but in German it represents numeral 1, But in eastern Mediterranean and parts of Europe it means rude sexual sign. One should be careful in the gestures and body language when going globally. These four examples are sample of body language and how it can misinterpret other culture. Nonverbal communication is critical in international business to overcome misinterpretation intercultural studies and knowledge is very important. 3. MULTICULTURAL TEAMS Multicultural teams has become common because of lot of joint venture organizations globally and outsourcing of the big companies, for example Swedish company joint venture with Japan company, where both Swedish and Japanese tend to work together ,solve problem together. These types of multicultural grouping have lot of positives and also have many challenges because of cultural variations. In this essay we will see about lot of dimensions like how to improve peoples intercultural conflicts, how to get effective cooperation among multicultural team, etc. Multicultural teams are very effective in improving creativity and innovation, it provides better decision making, for example, in an American -German joint venture Germans are technically very rich so they can guide the company in technical way whereas Americans known for their marketing and management skills can reach their market globally. Problem solving either it may be old or new, people coming from multiple cultures can provide better solution. This kind of grouping also minimizes pressure in the work place which occurs when there are like minded people works together. There is a big chance of market opportunities, increasing productivity, expansion of organization, increases business image, multicultural team is critical for success of organization. There are more challenges to face in multicultural teams it can be a success of organization or it can create major crash in organization. Diverse group confronting different values, experience, educational systems, character mainly language. These mingle of various culture creates lots of differences between each other which is leading to internal conflicts, these are mainly because of communication problems. There is a greater possibility of frustration and dissatisfaction in job leading to high turnover of team members. The diversity in the team often having problems in reaching consensus and taking decisions, this is due to ambiguity, miscommunication, and language barrier. When there is a meeting where decision have to be taken, it leads to never ending debate, diversity in agreement of specific plans, etc, these problems paves way to major drop in productivity so there is a mistrust between organization and workers these causes stress in the organization .Another important fact or is people of same culture tend to go along well because of same language, values, background creating inferiority complex with heterogeneous culture peers. Different culture have their own values to follow these values also create great impact on the team performance. For example, A German-British joint venture company where Germans consider technical competence is a high value prepared very wee for the meeting, where as the British in turn skimmed through the papers and shared their point of view. This made Germans more irritated and commented British have lacking technical knowledge which made them to ask stupid questions the example clearly shows cultural values may even affect the relationship between fellow partners. In task-oriented culture specific job is given to individuals where they tend to take whole responsibility if something went wrong. On the flip side collectivist culture the job is given people share their work and the final decision is taken by the boss if something went wrong individual is not blamed whole group takes responsible. When these two cultures mingle each other confusion occurs while working, it may go eve n worse when problem occurs affects the organization so badly. Managing the multicultural team is very important in an organization .If I was leading a team with multicultural peers, I would like to provide proper training to the team mates where they will learn values of different cultures, other cultural dimensions. In my point of view learning cultural dimensions will give background of other cultures, dissolves problems like miscommunication, etc. Insisting lots of group discussions which makes tem members to learn lot of stuffs like tolerance, views, etc. Encourage lots of interaction between peers which ultimately results in growing friendship and make them work comfortably. As a leader one should be more professional verbally, should teach juniors should not boss them, equality should be maintained between all members, trusting the fellow members are the prime factor for effective cooperation. Specific task should be structured, Communication skills should be developed, and the art of patience should be developed between team members. The se factors create effective cooperation in team and make the work place healthy and successful environment. Intercultural competence is a process of how we perceive others and how they perceive us. Intercultural communication competence is basically important in work place, developing the communication skills is the prime way to achieving it. Specific knowledge about the subject should be trained. Culture, religious beliefs, sensitive issues of other religion, importance of values should be trained. Team integrity should be developed to make team members comfortable working with fellow peers this can be done by group discussions, games where all the team members involving and performing specific task .social skills should be developed, equality among the members should be developed, the ability to maintain relationship. These factors really help in improving intercultural competence in a multicultural team. 4. WOMENS SITUATION IN BUSINESS Women situation is different in different area; this is because of the culture in their countries. Unlike men it is not easy for women to enter into the business world even though they are more skillful. They need to their maximum output to prove themselves; these kinds of practices are mostly seen in hierarchical cultures. In Muslim countries women are not allowed to enter into business, their job is to take care of the house and children. If a women working in Muslim country they should be very careful in their way of dressing, ways in maintaining relationship with fellow mates. Women are facing many challenges than men in business and all fields, Men may try to give comments on women beauty, hair, etc which may be disgusting to hear this leads to frustration in work. In some male dominant culture, women are not allowed to develop after a certain level even if they are more eligible than the opposite sex. Equal opportunity is not given to women this is because mens think women are slow moving and take decisions late. Most women are given job like receptionist, secretary, etc. Security issues are major problem for women in some countries secured floors are especially build for women entrepreneurs to avoid problems. After a business meeting women representatives are not allowed to enter parties showing difference of gender which will affect social and relationship (partys are meant for gluing relationship).In some cases women are not allowed to share their idea in a meeting male managers dominate without getting views of fellow mate this may also affect the or ganization. In some places maternity issue also plays a major role restricting women to grow in an organization. Moreover majorly women faces sexual issues and threats these are majorly in low developed countries. The prime factor is to develop a self confidence and courage is needed for women in business field, women can accord status in business situation by developing professionalism, strong relationship, learning the culture, code of conduct and values other culture who they are doing business with. Strong communication skills and dominant knowledge is also essential. Female are given equal importance in field of business especially in countries like Sweden, Denmark, Norway, USA, and other European countries. To overcome the problems women facing in business field can be overcome easily. Women should like a reserve manner with business colleagues, being over-friendly and open might cause problems. When entering hierarchical culture, prefer higher rank official to give introduction and explain their qualification before starting a meeting this makes people in the meeting to get attention .In Muslim country women can also be successful by knowing their culture and acting according to it, women must be very careful in dressing and have to keep good relationship with colleagues ,interact in professionalism ,have to be subtle and non threatening manner. If a people tried to use words in wrong sense should not react to that. If a male colleague tried to put hand and take advantage instead of creating problems a big no is more than enough to end the problem. Women should be more courageous in business field than man .Deal the problem patiently, consult and make decision with fellow workers. Do n ot wear jewels and carry lot of money when going to under developed countries. Before going to place where they practice other culture try to study their culture and act accordingly. Thrash your inferiority complex when entering male dominant society. The world is changing and there are more women entrepreneurs coming some of them made a very big impact in business field. Equality in gender is already following in lot of countries, mainly in developed countries. Still there are many countries where they are fighting for women rights. To avoid this inequality proper education is given to people and the law should enforce for equality between genders. For example in Sweden women are given equal importance in every field which made them high in success ratio than in male dominant culture.

Arizona Laws- Immigration Essay

America the land of opportunities. Have you ever heard this infamous saying before? We live in a country created of immigrants, yet Arizona is trying to enforce SB1070 which is an intrusive law that goes against the diversity of what makes America great. The recent efforts in Arizona threaten to undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and their communities which is crucial to keep us safe. This harsh crackdown against undocumented immigrants is currently in full swing and is causing plenty of controversy. Is this law an effective way to keep out undocumented immigrants? Or is this law simply causing more issues rather than creating positive outcomes? To be clear, Arizona’s SB 1070 requires documents to be carried at all times. Whoever violates the federal alien registration laws, are subject to arrest and penalties under the Arizona criminal code. While being stopped, SB1070 directs law enforcement officers to deter mine the immigration status of individuals who they reasonably suspect to be illegal immigrants. In addition, law enforcement officers are also authorized to arrest an individual without a warrant if there is a probable cause to believe the individual has committed a public offense that makes them removable from the U.S. In spite of it’s motives to reduce the number of illegal immigrants, SB 1070 gives all immigrants a false image as criminals and racism goes in effect, thus dividing the communities to great lengths. In addition, businesses are also affected resulting in the closure of stores and even shopping centers. Many undocumented immigrants simply want to obtain a chance at building a better life for their children so they can succeed in their future. A large portion of them would rather not be a bother, simply sending their children to school, paying taxes and staying out of trouble. Throughout my research, I came across the article â€Å"Arizona’s Punishment Doesn’t Fit the Crime† on the American Immigration Council’s website, which discusses recent statistics of Arizona’s crime rate. A century’s worth of research has demonstrated that immigrants are less likely to commit crimes or be behind bars than native borns. Furthermore, the problem of crime in the United States is not caused or even aggravated by immigrants, regardless of their legal status. In addition, a 2007 study by University of California Irvine, sociologist Rubà ©n G. Rumbaut, found that for every ethnic group, incarceration rates among young men are lowest for immigrants, even those who are the least educated. This statement holds true especially for the Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans who make up the bulk of the unauthorized population. Thus, despite accusations that undocumented criminals’ are a key factor with crime, statistic show that the rates are actually lower in the most populated cities with undocumented immigrants. For example, â€Å"The El Paso Miracle† by Radley Balko describes El Paso, Texas which is a relatively poor and heavily Latino city that is home to many unauthorized immigrants, as among the list of the safest big cities in the United States. Although Arizona’s SB1070 claims race will not be an issue, it seems to actually be sparking the most controversy, which is unfortunate for it leads to division among the community. I find it rather mindboggling that some Americans feel this law is not a step towards racism. Above all, I found myself rather frustrated and even disgusted at numerous comments on newspaper articles and YouTube postings th at were clearly putting spotlight on specifically one ethnicity, yet stating racial profiling is not tolerated. I find this ironic, hence the law allows law enforcement to determine the immigration status of individuals who they reasonably suspect are illegal immigrants. Is it just me or does that clearly sound like racial profiling? Furthermore, Former state senator Alfredo Gutierrez made a good point when expressing his thoughts to Arizona radio station KTAR 92.3 saying, â€Å"Reasonable suspicion in Arizona isn’t going to be someone who looks like a Canadian, whatever a Canadian looks like, it’s going to be someone who looks like my family†. Gutierrez then went on to say, â€Å"â€Å"This is the first step towards apartheid.† According to the article â€Å"Arizona Legalizes Racial Profiling† by Juilanne Hing, she discusses when Arizona Governor Jan Brewer was bombarded with questions concerning the criteria police officers will use to determine whether or not there is reasonable suspicion to detain a person. Governor Brewer replied with â€Å"I do not kn ow what an illegal immigrant looks like.† Considering she signed the law, it’s unfortunate and rather humorous that Brewer cannot state what reasonable suspicion consists of. This response was not thoughtful considering what the public is encountering in result of SB 1070. It appears that when Arizona SB 1070 was being considered, the economic reality of what the law results of, was not a thought that crossed Governor Brewer’s mind. Coupled with the other factors of SB 1070 is Arizona’s current money situation, which is the current budget deficit of more than $4.5 billion dollars. Maybe this wasn’t thought about, but there is a significant number of immigrants and Latinos who will be persuaded to leave the state because of this new law. Thus, the tax dollars, businesses, and purchasing power they will take with them. As in the article â€Å"Hispanic Families Flee† by Ed Pilkington, a disturbing pattern is discussed where once busy shopping centers are turning into ghost towns. One example is a Mexican restaurant in which proudly boasts, â€Å"Tacos Since 1975† which is unfortunately now stripped bare like the other local restaurants and stores. In the long run, Arizonans should take into consideration not only the potential costs of implementation and defending the state against lawsuits. Additionally, what needs to be reminded is the significant numbers of residents who are currently leaving the state and what consequences that brings. In the midst of all this controversy, let’s try not to forget the American dream. We are all immigrants from somewhere and shouldn’t blame undocumented immigrants for what ails America. We should instead, recognize those before us who took the leap of coming to America and thank their hard work, as well as what they risked to be here. Immigrants are human beings, simply wanting a better life and are not criminals. Instead of dividing the community with racism, which can eventually divide America, let’s focus on improving our country. Clearly, without immigrants the economy will take an additional downfall. In short, I hope a law that is fair will replace Arizona’s SB 1070.

Who Said Veni, Vidi, Vici What Did He Mean

Veni, vidi, vici is a famous phrase said to have been spoken by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) in a bit of stylish bragging that impressed many of the writers of his day and beyond. The phrase means roughly I came, I saw, I conquered and it could be pronounced approximately Vehnee, Veedee, Veekee or Vehnee Veedee Veechee in Ecclesiastical Latin—the Latin used in rituals in the Roman Catholic Church—and roughly Wehnee, Weekee, Weechee in other forms of spoken Latin. In May of 47 BCE, Julius Caesar was in Egypt attending to his pregnant mistress, the famed Pharaoh Cleopatra VII. This relationship would later prove to be the undoing of Caesar, Cleopatra, and Cleopatras lover Mark Anthony, but in June of 47 BCE, Cleopatra would give birth to their son Ptolemy Caesarion  and Caesar was by all accounts smitten with her. Duty called and he had to leave her: there had been a report of trouble rising against  Roman holdings in Syria. Caesars Triumph Caesar traveled to Asia, where he learned that the primary troublemaker was Pharnaces II, who was king of Pontus, an area near the Black Sea in northeastern Turkey. According to the Life of Caesar written by the Greek historian Plutarch  (45–125 CE), Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, was stirring up trouble for the princes and tetrarchs in several Roman provinces, including Bithynia and Cappadocia. His next target was to be Armenia. With only three legions at his side, Caesar marched against Pharnaces and his force of 20,000 and handily defeated him in the Battle of Zela, or modern Zile, in what is today the Tokat province of northern Turkey. To inform his friends back in Rome of his victory, again according to Plutarch, Caesar succinctly wrote, Veni, Vidi, Vici.   Scholarly Commentary The classic historians were impressed with the way Caesar summarized his triumph. The Temple Classics version of Plutarchs opinion reads, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive, adding, these three words, ending all with like sound and letter in the Latin, have a certain short grace more pleasant to the ear than can be well expressed in any other tongue. The English poet John Drydens translation of Plutarch is briefer: the three words in Latin, having the same cadence, carry with them a suitable air of brevity. The Roman historian Suetonius (70–130 CE) described much of the pomp and pageantry of Caesars return to Rome by torchlight, headed up by a tablet with the inscription Veni, Vidi, Vici, signifying to Suetonius the manner of the writing expressed what was done, so much as the dispatch with which it was done. Queen Elizabeths playwright William Shakespeare (1564–1616) also admired Caesars brevity, which he apparently read in Norths translation of Plutarchs Life of Caesar in the Temple Classics version published in 1579. He turned the quote into a joke for his silly character Monsieur Biron in Loves Labours Lost, when he lusts after the fair Rosaline: Who came, the king; why did he come? to see; why did he see? to overcome. Modern References Versions of Caesars statement have also been used in several other contexts, some military, some satirical. In 1683, Jan III of Poland said Venimus Vidimus, Deus vicit, or We came, we saw, and God conquered reminding his triumphant soldiers after the Battle of Vienna that there is No I in TEAM and that Man proposes, God disposes in one witty quip. Handel, in his 1724 opera Giulio Cesare in Egitto (Julius Caesar in Egypt) used an Italian version (Cesare venne, e vide e vinse) but associated it with the proper ancient Italian. In the 1950s, the title song for the musical version of the Broadway hit Auntie Mame included a line from her lover Beauregard who sings You came, you saw, you conquered. In 2011, Hillary Clinton, then the United States secretary of state, reported the death of Muammar Gadafi using the phrase We came, we saw, he died. Peter Venkman, arguably the idiot member of the 1984 Ghostbusters film, applauds their efforts We came, we saw, we kicked its ass! and the 2002 studio album for the Swedish rock band the Hives was titled Veni Vidi Vicious. Rappers Pitbull (Fireball in 2014) and Jay-Z (Encore in 2004) both include versions of the phrase.   Sources Carr WL. 1962. Veni, Vidi, Vici. The Classical Outlook 39(7):73-73.Plutarch. Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, Englished by Sir Thomas North. Temple Classics version, tr. 1579 [1894 edition]. Online copy by The British Museum.Plutarch. Plutarchs Lives. Transl, Dryden, John. Ed., Clough, A. H. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1906.

The Holocaust Isolationism and Antisemitism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1328 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? The Holocaust is one of the most horrendous and brutal events to happen in world history. It was a period of mass destruction forced upon European Jews by the Nazis of Germany between the years of 1933 when Hitler comes into power until 1945 where hes defeated. Numerous tragedies of the Holocaust led to broken homes and families that people are still affected by. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holocaust: Isolationism and Antisemitism" essay for you Create order As 19th century Germans adopted Christianity and antisemitism, the demand for national and racial superiority became high. Hitler deemed the Germans as Aryan people (a pure master race characterized by blond hair, blue eyes, and a tall stature worthy of more respect than that of God himself). At last, the idea was born that Jews would be depicted as an insignificant race of foreigners, killers of Christ, and the cause of all economic and political misfortune. And so meditated genocide begun. Although Jews suffered primarily throughout this event, other parts of society were left with lasting effects. Not only were the Nazis attempting to ravage Jewish people, but there were efforts made to destroy the Romans and Polish also. Jews would seek refuge in these areas of Europe as they escaped Hitlers camps. The Holocaust is still very relevant today. Descendants of these groups of people may feel the impact of the ghastly count of genocide the world may have ever faced. The Holocaust is a part of history that brings light to the gruesome acts of hate and racism the world currently experiences. Often being compared to terrorism and civil rights movements in America. The Holocaust prevailed, isolationism, and antisemitism. Investigative questions have arisen on Americas response to the Holocaust around the United States knowledge of this event and how they reacted. In spite of historical data supporting evidence of accommodating Holocaust victims, the United States crippled with issues of their own during the 1930s made satisfying greater expectations difficult. Options to respond to the persecution of Jews presented themselves to the United States a number of times throughout the history of the Holocaust. The refugee crisis of 1939 and the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau are a few of these times. In 1939, Jews from Hamburg, Germany, set sail on a ship called the St Louis to Havana, Cuba to pursue refuge only to find out their landing permits were invalidated by a Cuban law before the arrival of the ship. After nearly every passenger was dismissed of entering, the ship sailed to Florida with hopes of entry through a US port. Because of the depression and increase of anti-Semitism, the Roosevelt administration saw political danger in American policies regarding open immigration to the United States, making it very challenging for foreigners to enter. The ship was refused once again upon entry to Florida forcing the passengers to return to Europe. Later, the United States received a report from the World Jewish Congress of the Germans plan to exterminate European Jews proposing American officials to bomb Auschwitz where the Jews were being deported from Hungary. The United States indicated numerous reasons for the denial of the proposal. Reasons being they didnt want to divert military resources from war efforts against Germany and bombing may in rage more malicious action from the Germans. Heavily motivated by the Great Depression, anti-semitism justifies Americas stringent mindset of refusing Jewish refugees to enter American land. Furthermore, in hindsight, refusing to assist in Auschwitz would help to reinforce their intent to keep Jews from entering. As Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany he soon prepared to organize policies to segregate German Jews forcing upon them ostracism, persecution and murder. Anti-semitism demanded a boycott of Jewish businesses, restricted education, and dismissed Jews from Civil service prohibiting them from being able to make a living as professionals. The writings of Jewish authors were burned. German businesses later announced their refusal to service Jews. Laws were passed that only allowed Aryans to become German citizens. Marriage and extramarital intercourse became illegal for Aryans and Jews to participate in together. The repressive nonviolent acts later turned violent and fatal when Nazi riots (Kristallnacht) destroyed hundreds of Jewish synagogues, schools, businesses, schools, and hospitals. Many Jews were murdered in a result of the violence. Police officers and firemen were ordered to halt their assistance except to extinguish burning building only on Aryan owned property. American responses were informed by Roosevelts acknowledgment of Kristallnacht. His statement to the media announced the progression of anti-Semitism in Germany. Although he disapproved of the violence brought on by Nazis, this major event wasnt enough to slacken the immigration rules that hindered multitudes of Jews from pursuing safety in the United States. Reason being that they wanted to decrease the possibility of Nazi spies settling in the US and because of the anti- Semitic ideas of the elite officials in the United States State Department. Some American societies put forth astringent actions against Germany. The anti-Nazi Boycott gave troubled Americans an option to assist the Jews with the events happening in Germany. The American Jewish Congress and Jewish Labor Committee regarded the boycott of German goods as an explicit way to set back German pursuits. Additionally, the executive secretary of the Non- Sectarian Anti- Nazi League issued a letter to college and university students warning them to avoid importations from Germany at the supply house. Unfortunately, these efforts never externalized a strong, secure boycott of German goods. Participation around the 1936 Berlin Olympics brought forth yet another boycott against the Germans. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) received a formal promise by Nazis that Jews and non-Aryan athletes would be granted access to equally train and compete with others. Some Americans and Europeans began to advocate an Olympic boycott after the discovering reports of discrimination of the Jewish athletes however.. The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) postponed the acceptance of their invitation to participate in the Olympics until an investigation was put forth regarding German prejudices Jewish Athletes. Catholic organizations and labor unions who had the support of the New York Times were involved in the boycott as well. Walter white head, who was the head of the NAACP in 1935, sent a request to the AAU to refuse participation in the Berlin Olympics assuming the black athletes and other nonwhite races may receive the same discriminatory actions as the Jews. The American team did enter the Olympics after all. A small number of Jews and African American athletes participated. The African American athletes especially seeing an opportunity to prove themselves. There were segments of American society who urged the US government to essentially close the doors to refugees. The immigration quotas set by the US Congress were considerably limited which prevented undesirable groups of people access to the united states. American officials arranged for the US Coast Gaurd to refuse the St Louis ship to enter into the United States after the ship was refused in Cuba. The Roosevelt administration assumed it was a better decision to stay silent during Kristallnacht as not to provoke German spies from entering into the US. In my opinion, during the Holocuast, America could have done more to assist the Jews seeking refuge in the United States. The long drawn out processes needed to approve the refugees only contributed to more Jews being murdered. Somehow, I understand somewhat of why certain groups were reluctant to be more helpful. The United States had to consider their part in the war with Germany and protecting their own people with job security after the Great Depression before they could examine options to let more people in. Regardless, more effort could have been made in how fast the decisions were made. The Holocaust is one of the most horrendous and brutal events to happen in world history. Isolationism and antisemitism remained at the heart of the Holocaust. No matter what information slipped through to the United States from outside sources, The United States held their ground on their strict immigration policies throughout the life of the events of the Holocaust.

Analysis Of Langston Hughes s I, Too - 1077 Words

Alejandra Rodriguez D. Rodriguez DIRW 0401.105 3 November 2015 Justice for Equality â€Å"One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty, and justice for all† (4 USC Sec. 4). In America every human being should have the right for justice. Black, Asian, Hispanic, Indian, and other races should all be equal. Working hard, getting an education, and fighting for what is right are what make a true American. In â€Å"I, Too,† Langston Hughes discusses the theme of racial equality through the use of metaphor, symbolism, and imagery. Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. Hughes parents James Hughes and Carrie Langston divorced because James studied law and was denied permission by the all-white examining board to take the Oklahoma Territory exam. James Hughes decided to move to Mexico to practice law freely. Carrie Langston moved to Lawrence to find an opportunity to work and Hughes lived with his grandmother Mary Langston. Hughes faced racism, discrimination, segregation, and equality in the 20th century. Hughes got involved with the Harlem Renaissance to shape a movement that will thrust Harlem to the world to show its artistic and literary value. Hughes shared his love of poetry to African Americans so that they can read and learn about the situations that every African American is facing. (Miller 23-29) What’s interesting is that after the Civil War, Walt Whitman one of America’s most influential poets wrote a poem called â€Å"I Hear America Sing.† InSh ow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes America, the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. This is what everyone was told, what the Declaration of Independence states. But, Langston Hughes a black American poet in the Harlem Renaissance period saw the truth. Being an African American in the United States during the early 1900’s was difficult. Many lived a life full of hardships; segregation, prejudice and economic hardships, viewed as second-class citizensRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem, I, Too1193 Words   |  5 Pagesrights against those who tries to take it away. In the poem, I, Too, Langston Hughes shows that to be an American means that you should refuse to buckle under awful pressures. The speaker, an African American man, was denied the rights to sit down at the dinner table when company comes. However, the speaker â€Å"laugh and eat well and [grew] strong† then no one will dare say to him â€Å"eat in the kitchen† then. The African American man â€Å"too, am America.† The speaker decided to take the time in the kitchenRead MoreLangston Hughes The Weary Blues Analysis1256 Words   |  6 PagesOn Langston Hughes’s The Weary Blues Kevin Young, a graduate of Harvard University and one of the winners of the Guggenheim Fellowship, writes the historical perspective of Langston Hughes. He discusses the flowering of the African American literature and culture and how it is actually just the extension of the New Negro movement. From the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes is able to represent â€Å"different things† for â€Å"different men.† The uprising of Hughes’s poems are the result of their hardshipsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The Road 1402 Words   |  6 PagesRoad by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes offers a gift in this work which is to open the heart and life will provide unlimited abundance. During this literary analysis Langston Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main character s unwillingness to participate in life. Another point that Hughes demonstrates is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barrier s. One more impact Langston Hughes uses is Jesus Christ as a metaphor. Hughes uses thisRead MoreLangston Hughes : A Modernist1222 Words   |  5 PagesSappington 13 Apr. 2017 Langston Hughes: A Modernist Credited as being the most recognizable figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes played a vital role in the Modernist literary movement and the movement to revitalize African American culture in the early 20th century. Hughes’s poems reflect his personal struggle and the collective struggle of African Americans during this cultural revival. Langston Hughes’s life contained key influences on his work. As a child, Hughes witnessed a divorceRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of I, Too Sing America by Langston Hughes1148 Words   |  5 PagesPoem I, Too Sing America is considered to be very characteristic for radical poetry of Langston Hughes. The majority of literary critiques and historians refer to Hughes as one of the first American poets, who set the standards and examples how to challenge the post-World War I ethnic nationalism. His poetry contributed and shaped to some extent the politics of the Harlem Renaissance. In analysis of Black poetry Charles S. Johnson wrote that the new racial poetry of the Negro is the expressionRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Ideology And Reality Of Equality987 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of the Ideology and reality of equality in the works of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was an African American writer and poet. Langston Hughes wrote about what it was like living as a Negro, as a black man, as any person of color in America. He wanted to portray the dignity, soulfulness, and resilience of his people. In his writings, he tends to believe that people aren’t wholly good and they are not wholly evil or bad either. He writes with such a conviction and an almostRead MoreThank You Mam872 Words   |  4 Pagesthis woman. Mrs. Jones is what people call a â€Å"black woman that made it†. She is humble, being that she is not very flashy, and she is always willing to give back, considering that she cleaned and fed, Roger, a young man that tried to rob her. Langston Hughes, in Thank You Ma’am, shows Jones’ woman qualities through her mother-like qualities, willingness to give back to the less fortunate, and ability to understand. Roger is taken in as if he was the child of Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones.Read MorePoem Analysis On I, Too, Sing America 1611 Words   |  7 PagesDai Yueh Cheng Dr. Smedley English 1B 9 March 2015 Poem analysis on â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† In the poem â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† by Langston Hughes, he envisions a greater America, a more inclusive America where all the races can proudly represent themselves as American citizens. Hughes was a leader of Harlem Renaissance, and had tremendous pride of his race as an African American. However, during that time period, African Americans were being considered as second-class race, and they were being segregatedRead MoreThe Negro Speaks Of Rivers1548 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes was an American poet, novelist, and playwright whose African-American themes names him a primary contributor to the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. After moving from several cities, Hughes and his mother finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio. During this time, Hughes began to write poetry. One of his teachers introduced him to the poetry of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman, both whom Hughes would later cite as primary influences. By the time Hughes was enrolled at Columbia University

A Spiritual Journey Free Essays

Ashwin Sathyanarayanan English 10 Professor Stanley Personal Essay That Once in a Lifetime Chance It is a great feeling going to a place where it’s a huge matter in one’s life. â€Å"Revisiting Sacred Ground† N. Scott Momaday had made a pilgrimage which his Kiowa ancestors. We will write a custom essay sample on A Spiritual Journey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Momaday has said,† There are certain villages, and towns mountains and plains that, having seen them, walked in them, lived in them, even for a day, we keep forever in the mind’s eye. † Just like how Momaday relived his ancestor’s trails, I had a chance as well. I was lucky enough to be able to go on such a sacred journey that people would pay in thousands of dollars. The pilgrimage I would like to talk about is the one I took to a sacred city in India called Badrinath. I follow Hinduism, and in Hinduism there is a saying/belief that if we go on this enriching, and spiritual journey, we will go to heaven after we pass. I have a guru, like a living god, who I listen to and look up to. He took me on this spiritual journey. This spiritual journey had started for me 7 years ago in 2005, around June I had left San Francisco International Airport, and left to my motherland India. I landed in New Delhi, India to be exact. From there we drove to a city called Kasi. The city of Kasi is known for its sacred river. My guru had told me that in Hindu mythology if you bathe in the holy river of Ganges it will get rid of all your sins. We stayed the night there and we went to the sacred river and bathed early in the morning around 5. Then we went to the temple and did some prayer rituals that are performed after the bathing in the river. Later that day we took a bus from Kasi and drove into a city called Haridwar, one of the beautiful cities in the foothills of the Himalayas. When we reached the city of Haridwar, my guru told us a little about the place before we got out of the bus. That is where I learned the myth being told that Haridwar is one of the four cities where amrit (the elixir of immortality) spilled from a pitcher which was being carried by a bird named Garuda. I was amazed by the fact, and my guru said, â€Å"this is nothing wait and you’ll see more amazing things. † He left me questionable that there were more amazing things than this. We got an auto (taxi) and went to the river because we heard that they do an extraordinary festive every night. This festive is known as Ganga aarti, and it happens at the river banks of the ganges (Har ki Pauri). At Har ki Pauri every night at both banks of the river, people are flooded, with an aarti in their hand. An aarti is a lamp lit by fire. After the priests finishing chanting the mantras and show the aarti to the gods, everyone lets the aarti down into the river and they pray what they want, and let the aarti go down stream. I was lucky enough to do that myself. We then went back to the hotel that we had checked into and left the next day back on our tour. We then travelled to our next stop Rishikesh, which is another city in the foothills of the Himalayas. We were in Rishikesh for no longer than 4 hours because we had to get to our sleep stop. During the four hours that we were there we went to a lot of ashrams (meditation center) and saw many Saints. After the four hours had ended, we went back to our bus and left to our night stop, which was called Nanda Prayag. Since it was night time and we were all tired from the really long day, we went to bed, but I kept hearing the noise of the river really loud, and it sounded like it was just too close. Next morning the noise of the river and the animals woke me up and the noise was just so close that I had to go look how far it was. With all my curiosity when I went out to the balcony and I saw the most spectacular view. I saw two of the most holy rivers combine together, the combinations of the two rivers was just so distinct, the Alaknanda River and the Mandakini River confluence. At this place there was a temple ashore of the river. After I went and bathed in the river I had gone to the temple and I had learned the history of this place, it was fascinating. Then we all left the temple to the bus and we left and arrived at our longest stay in our tour, Badrinath. Badrinath was literally the whole reason we went on this trip. It was known as one of the most holiest, and sacred places to be at. We arrived there later in the Afternoon. After we checked into our hotel, we went and explored the city. And while exploring the city we saw many beautiful temples, and all these lead us to the main temple, the Badrinath Temple. We had to cross over a small walking bridge which went over the Alaknandha River, It went with such force, and if you sit in that water nonstop for more than ten – fifteen minutes, you will surely have a heart failure, because the water is that cold, and we are at an extreme altitude. And the most Ironic thing about this cold river is after we crossed it we have to bathe before we enter the temple, even if we had bathed in the morning. When we went to the place we were supposed to bathe, we came to find out that it was a hot spring and this hot spring was ten feet away from the extremely cold Alaknanda waters, ironic enough, I thought so. After we finished bathing there was a ritual which we had to perform. We had to get into brand new clothes and we had to give the clothes were wearing to the more unfortunate people. So after we did that, we went into the main temple, it was enriched with beautiful colors and sculptures all made since the time the temple was created. We had gone in and while we were coming outside, we had ran into a very famous priest, and we all greeted him, and he invited us to come to his ashram, so we all went. There he told us about the main reason of this temple. This temple is only open during Spring, Summer and Fall. They closes the temple, right before we end fall and enter Winter. The closing and opening of the temple is a huge ceremony. This is the most important ceremony to come to if you have major problems which need to be resolved. He told us that during the ceremony they do many poojas (rituals and prayers) and they have an extremely huge lamp and they fill it to the rim with oil and they light the lamp, and during the lighting of the lamp we all must pray for what we all want most. After they light it they close and seal the temple for six months through the harsh winters. The most amazing part is that even though it snows and rains, and harsh winds blow, the lamp never goes out. I was dumb founded by this statement. It is said that it doesn’t go out because of the bonds of all the prayers and wishes the people had made, it is so strong, that nothing can affect it. He continued by saying that after the six months pass, for the wish you made to come true you, must come back for the opening ceremony of the temple. If indeed you do, you will see that the lamp that was lit is still lit and the glory of the light is just so divine. Since he had an urgent issue to deal with he left us in awe. My guru then told me,† I told you I would show you something which is even more fascinating. † I was speechless, and we left back to our hotel and slept. The next day my guru took us to the last village in India, Mana. My guru told me that this is the main source of the river Saraswathi, (the goddess of education) and he had told me that this river is so tricky and mischievous. My guru said that this river after 3 miles this river disappears, it is said that it runs underground and comes back up in a city more down south. After we saw where the main source had come from we saw this passage on the left and my guru had told me out of my whole family to go up because it was a very dangerous path/cave and he said I am the only one in the family that is very capable of going through it. As I went through this path I experienced the biggest fear of my life, snakes. They were literally everywhere. I had gone through this extreme passage and I got out of this tight hole and I could not believe my own eyes, there it was, The Great Wall of China. I had come back down the passage I went up but this time the snakes were all gone, there was none there anymore, which shocked me even more. I had come down and my guru said do not tell us what you saw. I was bursting in excitement and he made me hold it in. It was the hardest thing in life for me to hold in. After we left the village and started going back down on the bus, my guru called me and I went and sat next to him on the bus and he told me,† now I want you to tell us all what happened. † I had then told them that I went up this cave of snakes and saw the great wall, and on my way back not even one snake was there, everyone was in shock. That was the biggest mystery in my life till now. After we came back down we had left back to our beginning destination New Delhi, India. On our way back though we went back in a helicopter, I asked my guru why we didn’t use the helicopter on the way up, and he said,† you wouldn’t have experienced all that you did now if you came on a helicopter. † This was the sacred pilgrimage that all Indians must take at least once in your lifetime, according to Hindu mythology. I now have a dream to go back once again and revisit the same places and relive what did in 2005. How to cite A Spiritual Journey, Essay examples

A Review of Ebora Viral Disease Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Review of Ebora Viral Disease. Answer: Ebola Viral Disease EBOV is the agent responsible for the transmission of Ebola disease. This disease has spawned several epidemics the past four decades. For instance, in 2014, Ebola became an epidemic after spreading from Africa to other continents. The fact that the there was no effective treatment confused the whole world. This virus has a relatively unique structure. It is lethal, and it has a high infectivity rate which even makes it hard to control. This paper will provide a review of the acknowledged facts of Ebola virus disease (EVD), its etiological facts, epidemiology, and information regarding its management. Epidemiology The world label Ebola virus as an emerging and re-emerging pathogen. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or EVD was first reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the 1976 outbreak (Rosello et al., 2015). Since then, there have been numerous additional EVD outbreaks. The dangerous one occurred in 2000-2001 in Gulu District, Uganda. The outbreak caused 425 cases which lead to 53% fatality rate (Shears O'Dempsey, 2015). The Ebola strain in West Africa exhibits is homologically 97% similar to the DRC sample (Shoman, Karafillakis Rawaf, 2017). This strain has a record of causing the highest mortality of 90%. The recent case of EVD epidemic happened in Guinea in December 2013. By August 17, 2014, the disease had spread forcing WHO to declare it as an epidemic (Chan, 2014). By mid-September 2014, Ebola's fatality rate had stretched to 70.8% which also remained constant within Guinea, Sierra Leon and Liberia (Rosello et al., 2015). Nigeria showed a lower fatality of 45.5%. In Nigeria, the fatality rate remained lower at 45.5%. However, studies base their current assessments on just 11 latest cases. The in-patient fatality rate recorded 64.3 percent (Shears O'Dempsey, 2015). This valuation was lower when compared with all patients with clear outcomes. This rate was also consistent with rates from other countries. A health worker died in Liberia. Also, the number of new cases increased every week despite having multisectoral and multinational participation in countering the disease. At the same time, some of the humanitarian aid practitioners had to go back to their countries for medical care after contracting Ebola (Kaner Schaack, 2016). These workers had contacted the disease despite wearing the personal protection equipment (PPE). One of them led the case of Ebola in Spain. In October 2014, Liberia citizen traveled to Dallas, Texas. He was hospitalized and died of Ebola. This patient led to the infection of other individuals some of them being two healthcare workers who also had their PPE (Mbonye et al., 2014). The WHO Ebola Response Team predicted an increase of deaths by November 2014 urging the global community to respond to more efficient methods of managing the diseases (Mbonye et al., 2014). Agents of EVD EBOV belong to the species Zaire ebolavirus, the genus Ebolavirus, and the family Filoviridae (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). The genus Ebolavirus has five different viruses. These include the Sudan virus (SUDV), Bundibugyo virus, EBOV, Reston virus, and Tai Forest virus (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). Among these, EBOV causes EHF and it has the highest fatality rate between 57 and 90 percent in humans (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). SUDV follows with a rate between 41 and 65 percent. Bundibugyo virus has a fatality rate of percent (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). The work of (Sanford, West Jacob, 2017) states that Tai Forest virus has only caused two human infections which are nonfatal. Reston virus is the causing agent for asymptomatic condition in humans. The Structure Filoviridae Both the MARV and EBOV genomes encode seven protein structures. The study of (Kaner Schaack, 2016) states that EBOV encoding two nonstructural soluble glycoproteins (GP). These are the small soluble GP product and the soluble GP (Hoenen et al., 2015). MARV strains have only one species known as the Lake Victoria marburgvirus. eBOV strains have four distinct species (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). These are the Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) and Cte dIvoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV). However, there is a newly discovered species proposed to be the fifth one called the Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) (Ealy, 2016). These species exhibit a variance in their pathogenic effects on humans. The most pathogenic are ZEBOV which has a fatality rate of up to 90 percent (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). SEBOV follows with a fatality rate of 50%. BEBOV follows third with a fatality rate of 40%. Records link REBOV and CIEBOV with lethal infections in other primates apart from human beings. The EBOV and MARV's systematic viral replication causes the increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, abnormalities in the coagulation and problems in the fluid distribution (Greenwood Barer, 2012). These processes cause vascular leakage and hemorrhage which eventually causes organ failure and shock. The 1979 discoveries were the first to confirm ZEBOV as the fatal species (Greenwood Barer, 2012). These species held a fatality rating going up to a level of 90% in humans and 100% lethality. Reservoir Recent evidence has confirmed that bats play a potential role as the most likely reservoir species of filoviruses. Medical experts believe that EHF persists in reservoir species located within endemic regions. Mammalian species like man and Ape seem to be more susceptive to Ebola virus infections as last hosts of Ebola rather than being the reservoir (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). Despite various studies trying to establish a potential host, there has been no host linked to Ebola. However, the study of (Kaner Schaack, 2016) states that rodents and bats could be possible reservoir species. Other reviews on arthropods have always been negative, including bedbugs that can bite different persons. Environment Factors and the Spread of EVD Viruses are acellular, an obligate organism that needs a host to remain active. Hosts provide an environment where virus's viral receptor attaches to the host's plasma membrane (Greenwood Barer, 2012). Eventually, the virus genome gets integrated into the hosts DNA. As the host's cell undergo subdivisions, the viral genome also rapidly undergoes subdivision. The result of the viral genome subdivision supports rapid mutation which increases its pathogenicity (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). The presence of glycoproteins in the host allows the enveloped virus to infect the host. These glycoproteins play a significant role in communication between the infected cells and other cells (Singh Ruzek, 2013). They also sustain the virus when it comes to an outside environment. Most of the enveloped viruses exist in the animal wastes such as feces and urine and feces. This kind of environment facilitates the persistence of the enveloped virus once outside the hosts body. In this regard, it is critical that people should maintain a clean environment as a means for controlling the emergence of Ebola disease. For instance, many African countries have poor sanitation which presents a high risk to entire public health. Poor sanitation in African can be one of the reasons behind high cases of EVD mortality rate (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). Another environmental factor is contaminated water since Ebola transmission mainly works through contact with fluids. Another environmental contribution is the scarcity of food. In Africa, the people's interaction while they search for food and their contact with infected animals can lead to the transmission of Ebola (Vidal, 2017). Poverty is also a contributing factor to the occurrence of EVD. People in developing countries lack basic needs, and government resources are scarce which leads to population displacement as people search for resources (Shoman, Karafillakis Rawaf, 2017). This factor becomes a significant contribution especially where one person is a carrier. These are some of the environmental factors that facilitate the reemerging cases of Ebola. Transmission Most of EVD cases result from body contact with an infected animal or person. Nevertheless, all cases of transmission between people occur through coming into contact with contaminated body fluid. These fluids can be breast milk, blood, vomitus, saliva, sweat, urine, stool, tears, or respiratory secretions from an infected patient (Ealy, 2016). Another main cause is body contact with infected objects. This form of transmission occurs when an uninfected person uses contaminated objects in their mouths or eyes (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). This mode of transmission keeps home caregivers at the highest risk of exposure since they do not have PPE. Some studies state that of EBOV and MARV can spread via aerosol particles but this method has rarely happened either in the case of a hospital or a home setting infection (Vidal, 2017). Sexual contact has also proved to be a possible mode of transmission. EVD virus has been traced in semen and remains until after seven weeks of recovery. People are advised to use condoms during sexual intercourse. Mothers should also stop breastfeeding their children for at least three months after recovery as a preventive measure. Diagnosis Ebola virus takes 2 to 21 day as the incubation period. The shorter incubation periods correlate with exposure to a more massive load of virus (Nelson, 2014). Viremia corresponds to the abrupt start of signs and symptoms of the EVD. The WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed the effective criteria for the diagnosis of EVD. One of these is a sudden emergence of high fever. Also, a patient may develop a headache, diarrhea, lethargy, reduced appetite, vomiting, hiccupping, painful joints and muscles, stomach pains, dyspnea, or dysphagia (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). With the occurrence of the named signs, a position confirmation requires a positive serology test for Ebola virus. There are multiple serologic tests for the confirmation and diagnosis of EVD. One of these is the antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Vidal, 2017). Another test is reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay and electron microscopy (Park, Lee, Lee, Jee Choi, 2016). These technological methods are widely available, but their associated biohazards hiders many world laboratories from safely utilizing them. The only place for performing these tests is in a level-4 biosafety facility (Burd, 2014). These viruses are highly virulent and have higher chances of transmission via an aerosol. This state also gives them a higher mortality rate. Apart from that, the equipment for the mentioned tests are not movable, and the tests results take longer (Burd, 2014). The WHO has requested for proposals for coming up with a portable device. The conditions for these devices are that they should not need a biosafety level-4 facility and would provide Ebola results in less than three hours (Zhang et al., 2017). The devices should also have a high level of specificity and selectivity. Such a device is essential for identifying individuals requiring isolation more quickly. It will also help in the identifications of those individuals having similar symptoms but suspected to have been exposed to the virus. Treatment and prevention There have been major developments in the studies of EBOV and MARV on several animal models. However, no study has presented a licensed vaccine or an approved treatment (Martnez, Salim, Hurtado Kilgore, 2015). This means that any person working within the containment facilities, or people living within the areas marked with infection are a higher risk of possible infection. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of passive transfer of serum obtained from a patient who survived Junin virus or Lassa virus (Dye et al., 2012). However, the efficacy of this therapies requires treatment to start immediately after infection. On the other hand, this method does not work in treating filovirus infections. During the 1995 EBOV outbreak in DRC, specialists transferred whole blood from convalescent EBOV to eight patients who had EBOV (Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). Out of these, only one patient who did not survive. This case brought a lethality rate of 12.5% which was significantly lower than the overall 80% fatality cases of EBOV epidemic(Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). However, the concept does not explain the role of antibodies since the patient received whole blood instead just antibodies. The 1995 epidemic led to the production of equine IgG product from WHO (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). The equine IgG came from horses hyper vaccinated with EBOV. Though equine IgG had some success in hamadryas baboons, it could only delay the death of cynomolgus macaques instead of protecting them. Recently, there has been great attention towards unlicensed treatments and vaccines. One of this was a cocktail drug (ZMapp), humanized-mouse antibodies (Ledgerwood et al., 2017). This one forms a part of the several therapeutics showing promising results with primates which are nonhuman. ZMapp demonstrated clinical improvements on two US citizens who were evacuated from Liberia (Vidal, 2017). Another therapeutics trials are RNA polymerase inhibitors and small interfering RNA nanoparticles. There has been a success when small interfering RNAs was used in treating primate and guinea pigs, the non-humans who had Ebola diseases (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). The results imply that RNA interference could work efficiently as vaccination treatment strategies for patients with EVD or other VHF causative agents (Nelson, 2014). Unfortunately, there is a challenge in the production cost issues which can frustrate this approach. Another therapy is a preclinical evaluation. This one has also been initiated for different proposed vaccines. One of these is chimpanzee adenovirus vector vaccine (Ledgerwood et al., 2017). Another proposed vaccine includes vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes. Scientists have been trying to develop different vaccines and treatment against filoviruses for the past decades. Though no vaccine or treatment platforms have proven to be highly effective, most of them have been successful in EBOV and MARV infections (Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). Some of these include Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV), Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine, virus-like particles, Replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 vectors, and replication competent recombinant human parainfluenza virus 3 (Wu et al., 2015). All these vaccines have proven to be successful in nonhuman primates models. The rVSV platform has been a more reliable vaccine against filoviruses (Wu et al., 2015). There have been various evaluations of the effectiveness of rVSV in vaccines. The researchers have noted protective efficacy with rVSV against ZEBOV and MARV infections. However, there is no information regarding the use of rVSV on post-exposure (Nelson, 2014). Since rVSV is a vaccine that triggers the body to respond with extreme immune activity, it has worked in overcoming filovirus-driven suppression. It manages to inhibit the replication of hence preventing the spread of an infection. Studies have shown that rVSVs targets the same cells that filoviruses target, so their viral interference causes a block to MARK and EBOV replication (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Currently, there are at least several promising vaccine schemes for full protection against MARV or EBOV infection in nonhuman primates (Nelson, 2014). All of them have shown efficacy in nonhuman primate on filoviral hemorrhagic fever. Out of them, the two best options are the one established on a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5, and rVSV which has proven perfect protection when administered as a single injection to other primates except the humans (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Currently, there are no licensed vaccines for EBOV or MARV for humans. Despite that EBOV and MARV hemorrhagic fevers rarely occur, having a vaccine in place could be an important preventive mechanism (Sanford, West Jacob, 2017). This move can be important in case an epidemic of such infection occurs. There is a hope that activated protein C, a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor and modipafant could be a forthcoming solution for cases of Ebola infections (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Studies have given an insight that transgenic mice exhibiting extreme levels of human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) intensities could resist more to fatal Ebola infections when compared with wild-type mice (Wu et al., 2015). These results suggest that modulation of MBL activities can be one area for advanced clinical assessment. Key Preventive Interventions There are various primary prevention approaches. The first one is rigorous precaution actions within a healthcare setting. The leading risk of Ebola transmission happens in the situations where patients do not get detected or isolated immediately after exposure (Vidal, 2017). Therefore, those patients who have already been diagnosed are less risky. The second method of prevention focuses on education. The society needs education and support regarding infections (Nelson, 2014). It needs to understand the risk of getting in contact with bodies of people who have died of Ebola. For instance, some communities need to modify their traditional burial programs that take long preparations. Burials that take extended preparations increases chances of direct contacts with the fluids from the deceased. This issue of burials is culturally sensitive (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). Those offering education programs need to exercise cultural awareness and use of appropriate educational program resources. The next preventive method is to evade all forms of direct contacts and products from wild animals (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). Hunting communities should be encouraged to avoid meat from wild animals. People should also avoid direct contact with bats as they are the initial natural reservoir of Ebola virus. Avoiding bats can eradicate the risks of early exposure to Ebola infection. Precaution Practices Among Healthcare Workers Healthcare workers practices and knowledge involves reliable infection-prevention gears which include proper use of PPE to both the workers and the patients (Vidal, 2017). Different studies have shown that the major area of transmission is within a healthcare center whenever there is an outbreak. The process should start with the immediate isolation of any patient suspect to be exposed to the virus. Besides, strict precautions should be utmost while handling specimens to avoid chances of spread of the infection within care units (Nelson, 2014). Tools and other equipment should always be used such as eye protection, gowns, gloves, masks, and face protection. Moreover, the CDC policies suggest respiratory protection through N-95 respirators equipment (Nelson, 2014). Thorough disinfection and treatment of contaminated areas should be encouraged and decontaminating surfaces and care should be taken while handling objects used on patients. Conclusions Ebola disease is a saddening disease that reminds people that its outburst can emerge from anywhere and pose a risk the entire world. It is a disease that spreads rapidly whenever it gets out of control. The WHO endeavors to implement health operations in the high-risked countries to eradicate the possibility of the spread of EVD before it becomes an emergency situation. Although there have been significant improvements, a better surveillance remains a necessity. The primary transmission of Ebola virus occurs through contact with the infected person's body fluids. 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