A Spiritual Journey Free Essays

Ashwin Sathyanarayanan English 10 Professor Stanley Personal Essay That Once in a Lifetime Chance It is a great feeling going to a place where it’s a huge matter in one’s life. â€Å"Revisiting Sacred Ground† N. Scott Momaday had made a pilgrimage which his Kiowa ancestors. We will write a custom essay sample on A Spiritual Journey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Momaday has said,† There are certain villages, and towns mountains and plains that, having seen them, walked in them, lived in them, even for a day, we keep forever in the mind’s eye. † Just like how Momaday relived his ancestor’s trails, I had a chance as well. I was lucky enough to be able to go on such a sacred journey that people would pay in thousands of dollars. The pilgrimage I would like to talk about is the one I took to a sacred city in India called Badrinath. I follow Hinduism, and in Hinduism there is a saying/belief that if we go on this enriching, and spiritual journey, we will go to heaven after we pass. I have a guru, like a living god, who I listen to and look up to. He took me on this spiritual journey. This spiritual journey had started for me 7 years ago in 2005, around June I had left San Francisco International Airport, and left to my motherland India. I landed in New Delhi, India to be exact. From there we drove to a city called Kasi. The city of Kasi is known for its sacred river. My guru had told me that in Hindu mythology if you bathe in the holy river of Ganges it will get rid of all your sins. We stayed the night there and we went to the sacred river and bathed early in the morning around 5. Then we went to the temple and did some prayer rituals that are performed after the bathing in the river. Later that day we took a bus from Kasi and drove into a city called Haridwar, one of the beautiful cities in the foothills of the Himalayas. When we reached the city of Haridwar, my guru told us a little about the place before we got out of the bus. That is where I learned the myth being told that Haridwar is one of the four cities where amrit (the elixir of immortality) spilled from a pitcher which was being carried by a bird named Garuda. I was amazed by the fact, and my guru said, â€Å"this is nothing wait and you’ll see more amazing things. † He left me questionable that there were more amazing things than this. We got an auto (taxi) and went to the river because we heard that they do an extraordinary festive every night. This festive is known as Ganga aarti, and it happens at the river banks of the ganges (Har ki Pauri). At Har ki Pauri every night at both banks of the river, people are flooded, with an aarti in their hand. An aarti is a lamp lit by fire. After the priests finishing chanting the mantras and show the aarti to the gods, everyone lets the aarti down into the river and they pray what they want, and let the aarti go down stream. I was lucky enough to do that myself. We then went back to the hotel that we had checked into and left the next day back on our tour. We then travelled to our next stop Rishikesh, which is another city in the foothills of the Himalayas. We were in Rishikesh for no longer than 4 hours because we had to get to our sleep stop. During the four hours that we were there we went to a lot of ashrams (meditation center) and saw many Saints. After the four hours had ended, we went back to our bus and left to our night stop, which was called Nanda Prayag. Since it was night time and we were all tired from the really long day, we went to bed, but I kept hearing the noise of the river really loud, and it sounded like it was just too close. Next morning the noise of the river and the animals woke me up and the noise was just so close that I had to go look how far it was. With all my curiosity when I went out to the balcony and I saw the most spectacular view. I saw two of the most holy rivers combine together, the combinations of the two rivers was just so distinct, the Alaknanda River and the Mandakini River confluence. At this place there was a temple ashore of the river. After I went and bathed in the river I had gone to the temple and I had learned the history of this place, it was fascinating. Then we all left the temple to the bus and we left and arrived at our longest stay in our tour, Badrinath. Badrinath was literally the whole reason we went on this trip. It was known as one of the most holiest, and sacred places to be at. We arrived there later in the Afternoon. After we checked into our hotel, we went and explored the city. And while exploring the city we saw many beautiful temples, and all these lead us to the main temple, the Badrinath Temple. We had to cross over a small walking bridge which went over the Alaknandha River, It went with such force, and if you sit in that water nonstop for more than ten – fifteen minutes, you will surely have a heart failure, because the water is that cold, and we are at an extreme altitude. And the most Ironic thing about this cold river is after we crossed it we have to bathe before we enter the temple, even if we had bathed in the morning. When we went to the place we were supposed to bathe, we came to find out that it was a hot spring and this hot spring was ten feet away from the extremely cold Alaknanda waters, ironic enough, I thought so. After we finished bathing there was a ritual which we had to perform. We had to get into brand new clothes and we had to give the clothes were wearing to the more unfortunate people. So after we did that, we went into the main temple, it was enriched with beautiful colors and sculptures all made since the time the temple was created. We had gone in and while we were coming outside, we had ran into a very famous priest, and we all greeted him, and he invited us to come to his ashram, so we all went. There he told us about the main reason of this temple. This temple is only open during Spring, Summer and Fall. They closes the temple, right before we end fall and enter Winter. The closing and opening of the temple is a huge ceremony. This is the most important ceremony to come to if you have major problems which need to be resolved. He told us that during the ceremony they do many poojas (rituals and prayers) and they have an extremely huge lamp and they fill it to the rim with oil and they light the lamp, and during the lighting of the lamp we all must pray for what we all want most. After they light it they close and seal the temple for six months through the harsh winters. The most amazing part is that even though it snows and rains, and harsh winds blow, the lamp never goes out. I was dumb founded by this statement. It is said that it doesn’t go out because of the bonds of all the prayers and wishes the people had made, it is so strong, that nothing can affect it. He continued by saying that after the six months pass, for the wish you made to come true you, must come back for the opening ceremony of the temple. If indeed you do, you will see that the lamp that was lit is still lit and the glory of the light is just so divine. Since he had an urgent issue to deal with he left us in awe. My guru then told me,† I told you I would show you something which is even more fascinating. † I was speechless, and we left back to our hotel and slept. The next day my guru took us to the last village in India, Mana. My guru told me that this is the main source of the river Saraswathi, (the goddess of education) and he had told me that this river is so tricky and mischievous. My guru said that this river after 3 miles this river disappears, it is said that it runs underground and comes back up in a city more down south. After we saw where the main source had come from we saw this passage on the left and my guru had told me out of my whole family to go up because it was a very dangerous path/cave and he said I am the only one in the family that is very capable of going through it. As I went through this path I experienced the biggest fear of my life, snakes. They were literally everywhere. I had gone through this extreme passage and I got out of this tight hole and I could not believe my own eyes, there it was, The Great Wall of China. I had come back down the passage I went up but this time the snakes were all gone, there was none there anymore, which shocked me even more. I had come down and my guru said do not tell us what you saw. I was bursting in excitement and he made me hold it in. It was the hardest thing in life for me to hold in. After we left the village and started going back down on the bus, my guru called me and I went and sat next to him on the bus and he told me,† now I want you to tell us all what happened. † I had then told them that I went up this cave of snakes and saw the great wall, and on my way back not even one snake was there, everyone was in shock. That was the biggest mystery in my life till now. After we came back down we had left back to our beginning destination New Delhi, India. On our way back though we went back in a helicopter, I asked my guru why we didn’t use the helicopter on the way up, and he said,† you wouldn’t have experienced all that you did now if you came on a helicopter. † This was the sacred pilgrimage that all Indians must take at least once in your lifetime, according to Hindu mythology. I now have a dream to go back once again and revisit the same places and relive what did in 2005. How to cite A Spiritual Journey, Essay examples

A Review of Ebora Viral Disease Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Review of Ebora Viral Disease. Answer: Ebola Viral Disease EBOV is the agent responsible for the transmission of Ebola disease. This disease has spawned several epidemics the past four decades. For instance, in 2014, Ebola became an epidemic after spreading from Africa to other continents. The fact that the there was no effective treatment confused the whole world. This virus has a relatively unique structure. It is lethal, and it has a high infectivity rate which even makes it hard to control. This paper will provide a review of the acknowledged facts of Ebola virus disease (EVD), its etiological facts, epidemiology, and information regarding its management. Epidemiology The world label Ebola virus as an emerging and re-emerging pathogen. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or EVD was first reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the 1976 outbreak (Rosello et al., 2015). Since then, there have been numerous additional EVD outbreaks. The dangerous one occurred in 2000-2001 in Gulu District, Uganda. The outbreak caused 425 cases which lead to 53% fatality rate (Shears O'Dempsey, 2015). The Ebola strain in West Africa exhibits is homologically 97% similar to the DRC sample (Shoman, Karafillakis Rawaf, 2017). This strain has a record of causing the highest mortality of 90%. The recent case of EVD epidemic happened in Guinea in December 2013. By August 17, 2014, the disease had spread forcing WHO to declare it as an epidemic (Chan, 2014). By mid-September 2014, Ebola's fatality rate had stretched to 70.8% which also remained constant within Guinea, Sierra Leon and Liberia (Rosello et al., 2015). Nigeria showed a lower fatality of 45.5%. In Nigeria, the fatality rate remained lower at 45.5%. However, studies base their current assessments on just 11 latest cases. The in-patient fatality rate recorded 64.3 percent (Shears O'Dempsey, 2015). This valuation was lower when compared with all patients with clear outcomes. This rate was also consistent with rates from other countries. A health worker died in Liberia. Also, the number of new cases increased every week despite having multisectoral and multinational participation in countering the disease. At the same time, some of the humanitarian aid practitioners had to go back to their countries for medical care after contracting Ebola (Kaner Schaack, 2016). These workers had contacted the disease despite wearing the personal protection equipment (PPE). One of them led the case of Ebola in Spain. In October 2014, Liberia citizen traveled to Dallas, Texas. He was hospitalized and died of Ebola. This patient led to the infection of other individuals some of them being two healthcare workers who also had their PPE (Mbonye et al., 2014). The WHO Ebola Response Team predicted an increase of deaths by November 2014 urging the global community to respond to more efficient methods of managing the diseases (Mbonye et al., 2014). Agents of EVD EBOV belong to the species Zaire ebolavirus, the genus Ebolavirus, and the family Filoviridae (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). The genus Ebolavirus has five different viruses. These include the Sudan virus (SUDV), Bundibugyo virus, EBOV, Reston virus, and Tai Forest virus (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). Among these, EBOV causes EHF and it has the highest fatality rate between 57 and 90 percent in humans (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). SUDV follows with a rate between 41 and 65 percent. Bundibugyo virus has a fatality rate of percent (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). The work of (Sanford, West Jacob, 2017) states that Tai Forest virus has only caused two human infections which are nonfatal. Reston virus is the causing agent for asymptomatic condition in humans. The Structure Filoviridae Both the MARV and EBOV genomes encode seven protein structures. The study of (Kaner Schaack, 2016) states that EBOV encoding two nonstructural soluble glycoproteins (GP). These are the small soluble GP product and the soluble GP (Hoenen et al., 2015). MARV strains have only one species known as the Lake Victoria marburgvirus. eBOV strains have four distinct species (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). These are the Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) and Cte dIvoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV). However, there is a newly discovered species proposed to be the fifth one called the Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) (Ealy, 2016). These species exhibit a variance in their pathogenic effects on humans. The most pathogenic are ZEBOV which has a fatality rate of up to 90 percent (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). SEBOV follows with a fatality rate of 50%. BEBOV follows third with a fatality rate of 40%. Records link REBOV and CIEBOV with lethal infections in other primates apart from human beings. The EBOV and MARV's systematic viral replication causes the increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, abnormalities in the coagulation and problems in the fluid distribution (Greenwood Barer, 2012). These processes cause vascular leakage and hemorrhage which eventually causes organ failure and shock. The 1979 discoveries were the first to confirm ZEBOV as the fatal species (Greenwood Barer, 2012). These species held a fatality rating going up to a level of 90% in humans and 100% lethality. Reservoir Recent evidence has confirmed that bats play a potential role as the most likely reservoir species of filoviruses. Medical experts believe that EHF persists in reservoir species located within endemic regions. Mammalian species like man and Ape seem to be more susceptive to Ebola virus infections as last hosts of Ebola rather than being the reservoir (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). Despite various studies trying to establish a potential host, there has been no host linked to Ebola. However, the study of (Kaner Schaack, 2016) states that rodents and bats could be possible reservoir species. Other reviews on arthropods have always been negative, including bedbugs that can bite different persons. Environment Factors and the Spread of EVD Viruses are acellular, an obligate organism that needs a host to remain active. Hosts provide an environment where virus's viral receptor attaches to the host's plasma membrane (Greenwood Barer, 2012). Eventually, the virus genome gets integrated into the hosts DNA. As the host's cell undergo subdivisions, the viral genome also rapidly undergoes subdivision. The result of the viral genome subdivision supports rapid mutation which increases its pathogenicity (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). The presence of glycoproteins in the host allows the enveloped virus to infect the host. These glycoproteins play a significant role in communication between the infected cells and other cells (Singh Ruzek, 2013). They also sustain the virus when it comes to an outside environment. Most of the enveloped viruses exist in the animal wastes such as feces and urine and feces. This kind of environment facilitates the persistence of the enveloped virus once outside the hosts body. In this regard, it is critical that people should maintain a clean environment as a means for controlling the emergence of Ebola disease. For instance, many African countries have poor sanitation which presents a high risk to entire public health. Poor sanitation in African can be one of the reasons behind high cases of EVD mortality rate (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). Another environmental factor is contaminated water since Ebola transmission mainly works through contact with fluids. Another environmental contribution is the scarcity of food. In Africa, the people's interaction while they search for food and their contact with infected animals can lead to the transmission of Ebola (Vidal, 2017). Poverty is also a contributing factor to the occurrence of EVD. People in developing countries lack basic needs, and government resources are scarce which leads to population displacement as people search for resources (Shoman, Karafillakis Rawaf, 2017). This factor becomes a significant contribution especially where one person is a carrier. These are some of the environmental factors that facilitate the reemerging cases of Ebola. Transmission Most of EVD cases result from body contact with an infected animal or person. Nevertheless, all cases of transmission between people occur through coming into contact with contaminated body fluid. These fluids can be breast milk, blood, vomitus, saliva, sweat, urine, stool, tears, or respiratory secretions from an infected patient (Ealy, 2016). Another main cause is body contact with infected objects. This form of transmission occurs when an uninfected person uses contaminated objects in their mouths or eyes (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). This mode of transmission keeps home caregivers at the highest risk of exposure since they do not have PPE. Some studies state that of EBOV and MARV can spread via aerosol particles but this method has rarely happened either in the case of a hospital or a home setting infection (Vidal, 2017). Sexual contact has also proved to be a possible mode of transmission. EVD virus has been traced in semen and remains until after seven weeks of recovery. People are advised to use condoms during sexual intercourse. Mothers should also stop breastfeeding their children for at least three months after recovery as a preventive measure. Diagnosis Ebola virus takes 2 to 21 day as the incubation period. The shorter incubation periods correlate with exposure to a more massive load of virus (Nelson, 2014). Viremia corresponds to the abrupt start of signs and symptoms of the EVD. The WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed the effective criteria for the diagnosis of EVD. One of these is a sudden emergence of high fever. Also, a patient may develop a headache, diarrhea, lethargy, reduced appetite, vomiting, hiccupping, painful joints and muscles, stomach pains, dyspnea, or dysphagia (Rezza Ippolito, 2017). With the occurrence of the named signs, a position confirmation requires a positive serology test for Ebola virus. There are multiple serologic tests for the confirmation and diagnosis of EVD. One of these is the antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Vidal, 2017). Another test is reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay and electron microscopy (Park, Lee, Lee, Jee Choi, 2016). These technological methods are widely available, but their associated biohazards hiders many world laboratories from safely utilizing them. The only place for performing these tests is in a level-4 biosafety facility (Burd, 2014). These viruses are highly virulent and have higher chances of transmission via an aerosol. This state also gives them a higher mortality rate. Apart from that, the equipment for the mentioned tests are not movable, and the tests results take longer (Burd, 2014). The WHO has requested for proposals for coming up with a portable device. The conditions for these devices are that they should not need a biosafety level-4 facility and would provide Ebola results in less than three hours (Zhang et al., 2017). The devices should also have a high level of specificity and selectivity. Such a device is essential for identifying individuals requiring isolation more quickly. It will also help in the identifications of those individuals having similar symptoms but suspected to have been exposed to the virus. Treatment and prevention There have been major developments in the studies of EBOV and MARV on several animal models. However, no study has presented a licensed vaccine or an approved treatment (Martnez, Salim, Hurtado Kilgore, 2015). This means that any person working within the containment facilities, or people living within the areas marked with infection are a higher risk of possible infection. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of passive transfer of serum obtained from a patient who survived Junin virus or Lassa virus (Dye et al., 2012). However, the efficacy of this therapies requires treatment to start immediately after infection. On the other hand, this method does not work in treating filovirus infections. During the 1995 EBOV outbreak in DRC, specialists transferred whole blood from convalescent EBOV to eight patients who had EBOV (Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). Out of these, only one patient who did not survive. This case brought a lethality rate of 12.5% which was significantly lower than the overall 80% fatality cases of EBOV epidemic(Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). However, the concept does not explain the role of antibodies since the patient received whole blood instead just antibodies. The 1995 epidemic led to the production of equine IgG product from WHO (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). The equine IgG came from horses hyper vaccinated with EBOV. Though equine IgG had some success in hamadryas baboons, it could only delay the death of cynomolgus macaques instead of protecting them. Recently, there has been great attention towards unlicensed treatments and vaccines. One of this was a cocktail drug (ZMapp), humanized-mouse antibodies (Ledgerwood et al., 2017). This one forms a part of the several therapeutics showing promising results with primates which are nonhuman. ZMapp demonstrated clinical improvements on two US citizens who were evacuated from Liberia (Vidal, 2017). Another therapeutics trials are RNA polymerase inhibitors and small interfering RNA nanoparticles. There has been a success when small interfering RNAs was used in treating primate and guinea pigs, the non-humans who had Ebola diseases (Lukashevich Shirwan, 2014). The results imply that RNA interference could work efficiently as vaccination treatment strategies for patients with EVD or other VHF causative agents (Nelson, 2014). Unfortunately, there is a challenge in the production cost issues which can frustrate this approach. Another therapy is a preclinical evaluation. This one has also been initiated for different proposed vaccines. One of these is chimpanzee adenovirus vector vaccine (Ledgerwood et al., 2017). Another proposed vaccine includes vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes. Scientists have been trying to develop different vaccines and treatment against filoviruses for the past decades. Though no vaccine or treatment platforms have proven to be highly effective, most of them have been successful in EBOV and MARV infections (Gebre, Gebre Peters, 2014). Some of these include Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV), Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine, virus-like particles, Replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 vectors, and replication competent recombinant human parainfluenza virus 3 (Wu et al., 2015). All these vaccines have proven to be successful in nonhuman primates models. The rVSV platform has been a more reliable vaccine against filoviruses (Wu et al., 2015). There have been various evaluations of the effectiveness of rVSV in vaccines. The researchers have noted protective efficacy with rVSV against ZEBOV and MARV infections. However, there is no information regarding the use of rVSV on post-exposure (Nelson, 2014). Since rVSV is a vaccine that triggers the body to respond with extreme immune activity, it has worked in overcoming filovirus-driven suppression. It manages to inhibit the replication of hence preventing the spread of an infection. Studies have shown that rVSVs targets the same cells that filoviruses target, so their viral interference causes a block to MARK and EBOV replication (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Currently, there are at least several promising vaccine schemes for full protection against MARV or EBOV infection in nonhuman primates (Nelson, 2014). All of them have shown efficacy in nonhuman primate on filoviral hemorrhagic fever. Out of them, the two best options are the one established on a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5, and rVSV which has proven perfect protection when administered as a single injection to other primates except the humans (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Currently, there are no licensed vaccines for EBOV or MARV for humans. Despite that EBOV and MARV hemorrhagic fevers rarely occur, having a vaccine in place could be an important preventive mechanism (Sanford, West Jacob, 2017). This move can be important in case an epidemic of such infection occurs. There is a hope that activated protein C, a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor and modipafant could be a forthcoming solution for cases of Ebola infections (de La Vega, Wong, Kobinger Qiu, 2015). Studies have given an insight that transgenic mice exhibiting extreme levels of human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) intensities could resist more to fatal Ebola infections when compared with wild-type mice (Wu et al., 2015). These results suggest that modulation of MBL activities can be one area for advanced clinical assessment. Key Preventive Interventions There are various primary prevention approaches. The first one is rigorous precaution actions within a healthcare setting. The leading risk of Ebola transmission happens in the situations where patients do not get detected or isolated immediately after exposure (Vidal, 2017). Therefore, those patients who have already been diagnosed are less risky. The second method of prevention focuses on education. The society needs education and support regarding infections (Nelson, 2014). It needs to understand the risk of getting in contact with bodies of people who have died of Ebola. For instance, some communities need to modify their traditional burial programs that take long preparations. Burials that take extended preparations increases chances of direct contacts with the fluids from the deceased. This issue of burials is culturally sensitive (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). Those offering education programs need to exercise cultural awareness and use of appropriate educational program resources. The next preventive method is to evade all forms of direct contacts and products from wild animals (Weston, Burgess Roberts, 2016). Hunting communities should be encouraged to avoid meat from wild animals. People should also avoid direct contact with bats as they are the initial natural reservoir of Ebola virus. Avoiding bats can eradicate the risks of early exposure to Ebola infection. Precaution Practices Among Healthcare Workers Healthcare workers practices and knowledge involves reliable infection-prevention gears which include proper use of PPE to both the workers and the patients (Vidal, 2017). Different studies have shown that the major area of transmission is within a healthcare center whenever there is an outbreak. The process should start with the immediate isolation of any patient suspect to be exposed to the virus. Besides, strict precautions should be utmost while handling specimens to avoid chances of spread of the infection within care units (Nelson, 2014). Tools and other equipment should always be used such as eye protection, gowns, gloves, masks, and face protection. Moreover, the CDC policies suggest respiratory protection through N-95 respirators equipment (Nelson, 2014). Thorough disinfection and treatment of contaminated areas should be encouraged and decontaminating surfaces and care should be taken while handling objects used on patients. Conclusions Ebola disease is a saddening disease that reminds people that its outburst can emerge from anywhere and pose a risk the entire world. It is a disease that spreads rapidly whenever it gets out of control. The WHO endeavors to implement health operations in the high-risked countries to eradicate the possibility of the spread of EVD before it becomes an emergency situation. Although there have been significant improvements, a better surveillance remains a necessity. The primary transmission of Ebola virus occurs through contact with the infected person's body fluids. Therefore, healthcare workers can minimize the spread by tracing people who have been in contact with the patients since their exposure to the virus. References Rosello, A., Mossoko, M., Flasche, S., Van Hoek, A. J., Mbala, P., Camacho, A., Muyembe Tamfum, J.-J. (2015). Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1976-2014.eLife,4, e09015. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09015 Shears, P., O'Dempsey, T. (2015). Ebola virus disease in Africa: epidemiology and nosocomial transmission.Journal Of Hospital Infection,90(1), 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.01.002 Kaner, J., Schaack, S. (2016). Understanding Ebola: the 2014 epidemic.Globalization And Health,12(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0194-4 Chan, M. (2014). Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa No Early End to the Outbreak.New England Journal Of Medicine,371(13), 1183-1185. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1409859 Mbonye, A., Wamala, J., Nanyunja, M., Opio, A., Makumbi, I., Aceng, J. (2014). Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in West Africa- Lessons from Uganda.African Health Sciences,14(3), 495. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v14i3.1 Ledgerwood, J., DeZure, A., Stanley, D., Coates, E., Novik, L., Enama, M. et al. (2017). Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector Ebola Vaccine.New England Journal Of Medicine,376(10), 928-938. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1410863 Shoman, H., Karafillakis, E., Rawaf, S. (2017). The link between the West African Ebola outbreak and health systems in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone: a systematic review.Globalization And Health,13(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-016-0224-2 Hoenen, T., Marzi, A., Scott, D., Feldmann, F., Callison, J., Safronetz, D. et al. (2015). Soluble Glycoprotein Is Not Required for Ebola Virus Virulence in Guinea Pigs.Journal Of Infectious Diseases,212(suppl 2), S242-S246. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv111 Lukashevich, I., Shirwan, H. (2014).Novel Technologies for Vaccine Development(1st ed.). 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Postexposure antibody prophylaxis protects nonhuman primates from filovirus disease.Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences,109(13), 5034-5039. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200409109 Gebre, Y., Gebre, T., Peters, A. (2014). The Ebola virus: a review of progress and development in research.Asian Pacific Journal Of Tropical Biomedicine,4(12), 928-936. https://dx.doi.org/10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b419 Wu, X., Yao, H., Wu, N., Gao, H., Wu, H., Jin, C. et al. (2015). Ebolavirus Vaccines: Progress in the Fight Against Ebola Virus Disease.Cellular Physiology And Biochemistry,37(5), 1641-1658. https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438531 de La Vega, M., Wong, G., Kobinger, G., Qiu, X. (2015). The Multiple Roles of sGP in Ebola Pathogenesis.Viral Immunology,28(1), 3-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2014.0068

The Way of Life for the Inuit People free essay sample

Students were sent away for 4 years to a school to get an education from some missions set up to help the villagers get a good education. The only bad thing about it was the fact that the schools discouraged native language. If students came to class and spoke a native american language they were punnished harsly, either with soap in their mouth or having to stick there head agaist the corner of a wall for long periods of time. Most of the Inuits entertainment was from hunting gatherings and raids. In result to the harsh, cold winters, inuit villagers had a hard time finding building supplies. No trees were found in the tundra. Only way to get wood was from transportation from different villages. The snow was a big factor in inuit life. They used snow for their house’s, also known as igloos. It was the best way to keep themselves from freezing to death or frostbite. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way of Life for the Inuit People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the summer rolled around that ment the snow was melting away so the inuit people had to come up with a plan to have shelter. Their shelter was made up of streched out pieces of animal fur. Transportation was very small around the artic tundra because of their freezing tempuratures. When they did transport goods the relyed on huskies to pull them around the tundra. They huskies were respected so much because of their strong legs and thick skin for warmth and protection. During the summer they used two different kinds of boats, a kayak for hunting, and a umiaq for transporting people, supplies, and dogs. The inuit people had a huge hunting culture. Especially whales, during whale season inuit people set out on whale expeditions to catch, the whale fleets so they can stack up on food for the winter. The inuit people were very independent, and dependent on the few around them. They passed down the hunting kills from generation to generation, giving the inuits a big advantage in hunting and staying alive during the harsh winters.

Cyprus

Cyprus is an island country located in the Middle East, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The longitude and latitude of Cyprus are approximately 35N, 33E. The total area of the island nation, including water area is 5,895 sq. km of Greek-Cypriot area, and 3,355 sq. km of Turkish Cypriot area. Cyprus is about 60% of the size of Connecticut. The coastline of Cyprus is approximately 648 km. The people of Cyprus live in a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers, and cool, wet winters. Cyprus is a very hilly mountainous country. They highest point, Mount Olympus, located in the Troodos mountain range, rises majestically 1,952 m above the Mediterranean sea, the lowest point on Cyprus. Several natural resources and products of Cyprus are : pigments, gypsum, salt, wood, copper, pyrites, asbestos, and marble. 17% of the land is appropriate for farming, whereas only about 30% of this land is used. The population of Cyprus is roughly 754,064 people, compared to about 1 to 2 million living in Philadelphia. About 65% of the population is working age(between ages 16 and 65), while 24% is under 15 years old, and 11% over 65 years old. The population growth rate is approximately 0.67%, with a birth rate of 13.64/1000, and a death rate of 7.42/1000. The life expectancy for men is 74.91 years, and 79.39 years for women. For every woman, about 2 children are born. 78% of the population is Greek-Cypriot, 18% is Turkish-Cypriot, and 4% is neither. 78% of the population is also Greek Orthodox, 18% is Muslim, and 4% is neither. Greek and Turkish are the two official languages, but English is widely spoken, also. About 94% of the population over the age 15 can read and write. Cyprus is broken up into two areas, both politically, and socially. The northern(Turkish) area refers to itself as The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The southern (Greek) area refers to itself as The Republic of Cyprus. The southern half refers to its...

Causes And Ways Of Diminishing The Low Per Capita Income

Causes And Ways Of Diminishing The Low Per Capita Income Since joblessness has changed into an essential issue in Pakistan, which plainly or circuitous makes financial issues. Tolerating, regardless, assets are extremely used as a piece of Pakistan, this issue can be killed. A considerable measure of creating is open on the point, featuring various causes and results with respect to expanding rate of joblessness. Different examinations investigated determinants of joblessness. Two or three examinations utilized Micro fiscal orchestrated and others utilized Macroeconomic parts of joblessness. These examinations handled made, energetic and making nations. Different hypothetical models are utilized for surveying the determinants of joblessness. The journey for work indicate was appeared by Mortensen (1970) and Lippman and McCall (1976). As indicated by this show, the joblessness relies on work offer and occupation attestation. The development offer stores of work, rule, work understanding and the request state of neighborhood. Acero (1993) proposed a few segments of joblessness. She conveyed that different parts couldnt be called attention to by a neoclassical point of view. A few these parts are identified with veritable excursion for new work. She said that the development highlight continues changing itself as experts change work. In any case, when these developments take quite a while by virtue of the heterogeneity of work oblige and the openings for work, nonattendance of perfect data or the cost of setting we up, need to confront issues. When we leave individuals jobless for quite a while, it likewise makes issues. Particular sections are wage unfaltering nature, the impact of workers affiliation and work authorizing. Assaad et al. (2000) definitely inspected assorted determinants of joblessness in Egypt. The work market of Egypt is keeping from explore from high wide joblessness, where joblessness is prevailing with reliable rate. Examination uncovers that the informed female part is being influence d than that of male accessories by the progress to a private division economy. The female have some issue to enter in the activity highlight, particularly in private piece. They recommend that there is unfathomable arrangement air that is honest to goodness for work concentrated strategies, experts sorted out associations would adjust the new contenders into the work broadcast. Kalim (2003) wore out determinants of joblessness in Pakistan. She isolates the quantifiable relationship between joblessness, individuals change and true blue headway rate of GDP. There is a constructive relationship among joblessness and individuals and an opposite relationship among joblessness and GDP over a time of 1986-1999. A basic fall away from the faith is used to discover the outcomes. She expected that masses change rate in Pakistan is unimaginably high when showed up distinctively in connection to other making nations. On the work front, it has been discovered that a broad number of work oblige stay jobless. Both GDP and individuals are bona fide supporters of joblessness in the economy. Echebiri (2005) oversaw determinants of joblessness in Umuahia whats more, Pakistan. Umuahia has a speedier masses change rate so the greater part of work oblige isnt utilized. The instance of 220 youths was drawn from zones with moving private setups and found that pre-grown-up joblessness in the town conceded standard credits to that assembled in different assorted urban systems really taking shape scene. Rule and work propensity have a provoke relationship with joblessness. It was especially discovered that greater bit of the jobless and first time work searchers favored salaried work to self-governing work. The adolescents showed that they hate the country residency on the grounds that there is nonappearance of work openings and poor social and physical foundations. Akhtar and Shahnaz (2005) correspondingly evaluated the determinants of youth joblessness utilizing information from 1991 to 2004. In 1990 there is high joblessness because of low GDP and meander. They oversaw both little scale moreover, sweeping scale determinants of youth joblessness issues in Pakistan. In the first place, joblessness of youth just starts to diminish if the yearly change rate of Gross family unit thing is more fundamental than 4.25 percent for consistently. Second, the headway rate of associations parcel GDP has more fundamental effect on lessening female joblessness. Third, the private area hypothesis has more basic effect than open locale set out to decrease youth joblessness. Family little scale level information demonstrated that limit acquisition and master arranging have no effect on business. Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan is around 532 million dollars in 2012, whereas the GDP improvement rate of the country is around 3.7 percent, which has reliably d eclined over the earlier decade. It is a making country and is standing up to different social issues including joblessness being one of the genuine one. The joblessness rate in Pakistan is around 5.55 percent. There are different segments that impact the joblessness rate in Pakistan. The illustrative factors under examination are Population Growth Rate (PGR), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Poverty Rate (PR), Interest Rate (IR) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Studies have been directed to grasp the joblessness of Pakistan, at any rate there still exist a need to find the associations of each one of these components with each other. This can give bits of information to the approach makers to devise frameworks for national growth. In Pakistan there are impressive measures of factors that impact unemployment. Pakistan economy by and large depends upon agribusiness portion that contribute 20.9% in GDP and 43.5% people used in that part where male extent is 34.9% and 74.2% females. In nation region extent of business is higher as appear differently in relation to urban zone that is 35.97% all around and concerning sexual introduction 22.49% male and 13.48% females work in agribusiness part. Backwardness around there causes higher job. Schoeman et al. (2008) audited the determinants of joblessness in South Africa. They utilized the tremendous scale financial parts, real change standard whats more, unionization as a level of formal business, foul oil costs, capital stock and merchants insistence rate. The outcomes demonstrated that there is a switch relationship among meander and joblessness and the positive relationship among joblessness and affiliation station, unrefined petroleum costs, essentialness about genui ne change standard and strict money related system. Eita and Ashipala (2010) wore out determinants of joblessness in Namibia for the period of 1971-2007.They utilized far reaching scale financial segments for joblessness show up. They utilized Engle and Granger way to deal with oversee measure the model. The outcomes displayed that there is negative relationship among swelling and joblessness, positive between wage rate and joblessness and negative among theory and joblessness. The Philips curve held in Namibia. Kingdon and Knight (2001) handled joblessness by utilizing profit appear for South Africa. Garcia (2004) examined on purposes behind joblessness in Spain. Valadkhani (2003) managed joblessness in Iran. Monastiriotis (2006) wore out joblessness by utilizing macroeconomic factors in UK. He utilized Keynesian and monetarist approach of joblessness. Kwabena (2011) assessed determinants of joblessness in Limpopo. We have assessed unquestionable examinations about determinants of joblessness. These examinations have not considered the essential macroeconomic factors which may influence joblessness rate. Kalim (2003) considers just two components like masses and GDP as determinants of joblessness in her examination for Pakistan economy. For broad examination, this take a gander at joins remote direct meander, outside responsibility, individuals, swelling and GDP as determinants, which may contribute joblessness rate in Pakistan and utilizations an impressive enlightening record. There are particular techniques for planning the cointegration examination among factors. The techniques are: Julius (1990) and Johansen (1992). At whatever point there are in excess of two I(1) factors in the framework, the most preposterous probability approach of Johansen and Julius has the perfect position over remaining based approach of Engle and Granger; both of the methodology require that the factors have a practically identical request of wire. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for cointegration test has certain perfect conditions over Johansen. This technique does not require the demand of components into I(0) or I(1). This examination utilized ARDL way to deal with oversee break down cointegration among factors that was proposed by Pesaran and Shin (1999). A fundamental model is utilized to separate the varieties in joblessness rate in Pakistan. There are number of segments which influence the joblessness rate. The supportive kind of the model is as: UN = f (GDP, POP, FDI, PINV, EXD) Where UN = Unemployment in millions POP = Population in millions GDP = Real Gross family unit thing in US dollars (millions) FDI = Foreign direct enthusiasm for US dollars (millions) EXD = External commitment in US dollars (millions) PINV = Private enthusiasm for US dollars (million.) Joblessness: The destitute variable is joblessness which is gotten from work constrain less utilized people. Joblessness happens precisely when a man is fit and willing to work yet is before long without work. Masses: Population recommends imply people of the nation. Masses increment prompts increase in joblessness. Indicate national yield: The aggregate market estimation of every single last remarkable and associations passed on every year inside the purposes of imprisonment of a nation. The examination recognize that there may negative relationship among GDP and joblessness. Remote Direct Investment: Foreign direct speculation (FDI) in its praiseworthy shape is portrayed as a relationship from one nation impacting a physical meander into building a creation to line in another nation. It is the foundation of a meander by an untouchable. The examination acknowledges that FDI has a negative association with joblessness. Outside commitment: External duty is that bit of the aggregate responsibility in a nation that is owed to outside nationals, firms and affiliations. The responsibility joins cash owed to private business banks, unmistakable governments, or general money related relationship, for example, the IMF and World Bank. Outer Obligation prompts diminish in joblessness. Private Investment: A private speculation capital cooperation, overall recommended as PICS, is a money related gadget that depends upon a little pool of fiscal specialists cash for arrive hypotheses. The cash managers of private subsidizing cooperation or PICS are experienced land meander geniuses, who in addition put resources into related land things, for example, assess lien approvals, dispossessions, notes, and furthermore change connects on favorable position of their endorsers and themselves. Private Investment prompts diminish in joblessness.

Personl conception of the mening of helth nd heling Essay

Personl conception of the mening of helth nd heling - Essay Example Descriptions of helth bsed on physiologicl mesurements ignore the ide of helth s vlue. Wht they offer in precision, they lck in depth; for, surely, being helthy is much more thn hving n your orgns quietly functioning within plus or minus two stndrd devitions of norml. Vlue-free descriptivist definitions of helth cnnot be more thn component of comprehensive concept of helth, for helth is vlued. Helth is vlue beyond formlizble knowledge. However, vlue-bsed definitions of helth lck universlity; they depend on the individul's (or culture's) determintion of wht is to be vlued. Descriptivist definitions ignore the subjective dimension, wheres normtivist definitions exlt it. The World Helth Orgniztion defined helth s " stte of complete physicl, mentl nd socil well-being nd not merely the bsence of disese or infirmity." (Genev: World Helth Orgniztion, 1958). This definition, if tken literlly, is meningless. However, we believe tht ll normtivist definitions of helth, including this hopelessly utopin WHO vision, derive from common ground, core mening or experience of helth tht requires interprettion. (Mordcci, 1995) ny experienced clinicin cn recll terminlly ill ptient who objectively seemed the sme the dy he died s the dy before except for hving (often quite explicitly) lost his will to live. Implicit in this will to live, nd of specil importnce to the seculr individul, is sense of life being worth living despite ll the suffering one my encounter in life nd despite the wreness of the certinty of deth nd nothingness. The helthy individul is well-functioning s whole, in hrmony physiclly nd mentlly with himself nd with his surroundings. lthough we tend to spek of helth s though it were commodity--something to be lost or regined--it is not detched from the person it belongs to. It is prt of the person's life story. Helth is dynmic; it hs pst, nd present, nd it is precondition for future. Desire, without which there is no story, belongs to the future--there lies the hoped for full blossoming of life. Thus there seems to be sort of inevitble metphysics embedded in the experience nd lnguge of helth nd illness, which clls for wreness nd for creful nlysis in the light of n dequte chrcteriztion of the concepts we use. It Is extremely importnt for medicine to be conscious of the depth of our desire for helth nd our fer of illness: they re not only physicl or biopsychologicl conditions tht cn be fced in reductionistic pproch. The existentil, morl, nd symbolic dimensions of the experience of illness must be ddressed s chllenges the ptient is required to fce with his culturl, personl, nd religious resources, nd in which the physicin is sked to help him not only s physicin but s person. No technicl nswer cn help the ptient to understnd nd fce the existentil dimensions of helth nd illness: in this respect, the eduction physicins now receive in mny countries round the world (nd especilly in the West) seriously limits their bility to cre for their ptients. Helth s wholeness, hrmony, nd well-functioning, nd s slvtion from deth is desirble end in itself However, the crux of concept of helth, nd its greter mening or vlue, is helth s mens. Helth is viewed s the experience of life s Promise of good; the ultimte good tht is hoped for is the full life--this we refer to s plenitude. lthough this is similr to Seedhouse's concept of helth s foundtion for chievement, the ide of plenitude

Local Area Network Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Local Area Network Design - Assignment Example From this research it is clear that WAN technology is implemented in many different ways depending on the requirements of the organizations. Topology is the network structure which can be connected to multiple networks structured on different topologies. Corporate organizations need massive volume of data to be transferred from their head office and remote offices. For example, the backup servers located in the head office, needs to be updated on a regular basis. The data from the remote offices is essential to be updated on the backup server at every 24 hours. The bandwidth requirement depends on the data type and volume of the information which needs to be synchronized or transferred from the remote offices. For universities, bandwidth requirements are aligned with application and data that needs to be transferred from each campus to another, depending on the network structure. Moreover, security issues must be addressed, as academic papers, results and exams are stored in a databa se that can be exploited by hackers. However, connecting remote offices securely and effectively can be accomplished by implementing Virtual Private Networks operating on WAN. Blue Coats system executive Chris Webber says, â€Å"Credit must be given to the WAN technologies for facilitating the corporate organizations economically†. The packet switching network is directly connected to the Internet Service Provider similar to a network device i.e. hub. As more than one customer is subscribed to the service running on a PSTN, bandwidth issues are common; however, they can be managed by configuring a router that can be connected to a dedicated physical connection. Likewise, the physical connection can be segmented by virtual connections that can be allocated to remote offices of the organization. Some of the technologies that contributed in a packet switched network are frame relay networks and X.25 protocol. After discussing these two type of networks, cell switching is the thi rd type of network. The packet switching network transmits data or data packet in a variable length frame, while, the cell switching network transmits data packet in cells of fixed size and length. Likewise,